Polysaccharides

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www. wiley.com. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warran-ties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an orga-nization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering pro-fessional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-71138-4 Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

4 Preface

5 1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions 1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing 1.4 Analytical Methods Applied 1.5 Conclusion References

6 2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides 2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides 2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides References

7 3 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Polysaccharide Origins 3.3 Properties 3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides 3.5 Conclusions References

8 4 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conclusion References

9 5 Agars: Properties and Applications 5.1 History and Origin of Agar 5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds 5.3 Agar Manufacturing 5.4 Structure of Agar 5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar 5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar 5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar 5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar 5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors 5.10 Conclusion and Discussion References

10 6 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications 6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides 6.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides 6.3 Conclusion References

11 7 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives 7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives 7.4 Conclusions Acknowledgement References

12 8 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics 8.3 Seaweed 8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed 8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon’s Seaweed 8.6 Conclusion References

13 9 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Production 9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure 9.4 Rheological Properties 9.5 Purification and Deacetylation 9.6 Food Applications 9.7 Health Benefits 9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends References

14 10 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications 10.3 Minor Tree Gums 10.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References

15 11 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Main Raw Materials 11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials 11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats 11.5 Cellulose Extraction 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives 11.7 Main Applications 11.8 Conclusion References

16 12 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch 12.3 Modification of Starch 12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives 12.5 Conclusion References

17 13 Crystallization of Polysaccharides 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides 13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement 13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides 13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites 13.6 Conclusion References

18 14 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives Acknowledgements References

19 15 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water 15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight 15.4 Solubility and Branching 15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions 15.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References

20 16 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Aerogels 16.3 Graphene-Like Materials and Nanotubes Produced From Polysaccharides 16.4 Biocarbon Quantum Dots 16.5 Membranes Containing Carbon Nanoparticles Derived From Cellulose 16.6 Conclusions References

21 17 Rheology and Structural Properties of Polysaccharides 17.1 Introduction 17.2 General Structural Features of Polysaccharides 17.3 Main Types of Polysaccharides and Their Structural Properties 17.4 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharides 17.5 Conclusions References

22 18 Gums-Based Bionanostructures for Medical Applications 18.1 Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds 18.2 Natural Gums—Physicochemical Features 18.3 Sources of Natural Gums 18.4 Classification of Gums 18.5 Composition of Natural Gums 18.6 Extraction and Purification of Natural Gums 18.7 Modification and Hydrolysis of Natural Gums 18.8 Medical Applications of Gums-Based Bio-Nanostructures 18.9 Conclusions References

23 19 Alginates: Properties and Applications 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Properties of Sodium Alginate (Na-Alg) 19.3 Chemical Properties 19.4 Applications 19.5 Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgments Abbreviations References

24 20 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Marine Bacteria That Produce Polysaccharides 20.3 Marine Fungi That Produce Polysaccharide 20.4 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides 20.5 Characterization via Molecular, Biochemical and Cultural Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides 20.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge References