Western Philosophy

2 3 René Descartes, Part I, articles 51, 52, 54, 63; Part II, articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 36, 64 from Principles of Philosophy [Principia Philosophiae, 1644], pp. 210–11, 215, 223–5, 232, 240, 247 from The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I, trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). © 1985 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

3 5 Gottfried Leibniz, New System of Nature and the Communication of Substances [Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances, 1695], pp. 115–25 (with omissions) from Philosophical Writings, trans. G. H. R. Parkinson and M. Morris (London: J.M. Dent, 1973). Reproduced with permission of Everyman’s Library, an imprint of Alfred A. Knopf.

4 9a Alfred North Whitehead, Ch. 9 extracts (with minor modifications) from Science and The Modern World (New York: Macmillan, 1925). © 1925 by The Macmillan Company, renewed 1953 by Evelyn Whitehead. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 9b Alfred North Whitehead, excerpts from Part II, Ch. 10, sections I–V from Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: Macmillan, 1929). © 1929 by The Macmillan Company. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 10 Martin Heidegger, §§ 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 26, 29, pp. 21, 25, 31, 32–5, 95–8, 160–1, 172–4 from Being and Time [Sein und Zeit, 1927], trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper and Row, 1962). Translation © 1962 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers and SCM Press Ltd.

7 11 Rudolf Carnap, ‘The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language’ [Uberwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache, 1932] pp. 60–80 (abridged) from A. J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York: Free Press, 1959). First published in Erkenntnis, vol. II, trans. Arthur Pap. © 1959 by The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 12 W. V. O. Quine, ‘On What There Is’, pp. 21–38 (abridged) from The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 2 (1948). © 1948. Reproduced with permission of The Review of Metaphysics.

1 4 René Descartes, extract from Part V of ‘Discourse on the Method’ [Discours de la méthode, 1637], from pp. 139–40 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I trans. John Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). © 1985 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

2 8 Gottlob Frege, ‘Sense and Reference’, from the article ‘Sense and Reference’ [Sinnund Bedeutung, 1892], pp. 56–62 from the English version in Peter Geach and Max Black (ed.), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege (Oxford: Blackwell, 1952). © 1952 John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.

3 9 Bertrand Russell, extracts from Ch.16 from Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy [London: Allen & Unwin, 1919]. Reproduced with permission of Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation.

4 10 Ludwig Wittgenstein, pp. 1–6, 77–79 from The Blue and Brown Books (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958). © 1958 by Basil Blackwell, renewed 1986 by Basil Blackwell Limited. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

5 11 J. L. Austin, ‘Performative Utterances’, reprinted in J. L. Austin, Philosophical Papers, ed. J. O. Urmson and G. J. Warnock (3rd edn, Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), pp. 233–52.

6 12 Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity [1972] (rev. 2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980). © 1980 John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.

1 2 Aristotle, extracts from Book I, chapters 1 and 4; Book II, chapters 1–3, De Anima [c. 325 BC], pp. 1–16 from D. W. Hamlyn (ed. and trans.), Aristotle’s De Anima, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968). © 1968 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

2 4 René Descartes, pp. 17–19 and 51–9 (with omissions) from Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641], trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, rev. edn 1996). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

3 9 Franz Brentano, extracts from Book II, chapter 1 from Linda L. McAlister (ed. and trans.), Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint [Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874] (London: Routledge, 1974). © 1974 by Taylor & Francis Books UK. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.

4 10 Gilbert Ryle, extracts from chapters 1 and 7 from The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949). © 1949. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK and the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, University of Oxford.

5 11 Hilary Putnam, ‘Psychological Predicates’, in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill (ed.), Art, Mind, and Religion (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967). © 1967. Reproduced with permission of the University of Pittsburgh Press.

1 5 Derek Parfit, extracts from sections 95 and 96, pp. 279–87 in Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984; reprinted 1987). © 1984 by Derek Parfit. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.

2 6 Charles Taylor, Sources of The Self: The Making Of Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1989). © 1989 by Charles Taylor. Reproduced with permission of Harvard University Press.

3 11 Jean-Paul Sartre, extracts (abridged) from Part IV, chapter 1, sections i and iii, pp. 433–7, 440–1, 553–6 in Being and Nothingness [1943], trans. H. E. Barnes (London: Methuen, 1957). Reproduced with permission of Philosophical Library Inc. All rights reserved.

4 12 Harry G. Frankfurt, ‘Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility’, pp. 829–39 (abridged) from The Journal of Philosophy 66:23 (Dec 1969). © 1969 by Harry G. Frankfurt. Reproduced with permission of the author and Journal of Philosophy.

1 3 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641], from the Third Meditation, trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

2 4 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641], from the Fifth Meditation, trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, revd. 1996). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.

3 6 Gottfried Leibniz, Part I, §§ 7–15, 19–26 (with omissions) from Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Liberty of Man and the Origin of Evil [Essais de théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l’homme et l’origine du mal, 1710], Part I, §§ 7–15, 19–26 (with omissions), trans. E. M. Huggard (London: Routledge, 1951).

4 9 Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript [Afsluttende Uvidenskabelig Efterskrift, 1846], pp. 26–35 and 177–82 (with minor modifications), trans. David F. Swenson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941). © 1941 Princeton University Press. Reproduced with permission of Princeton University Press.

5 11 John Wisdom, ‘IX.-Gods’, pp. 185–206 from Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 45:1 (June 1945). © 1945 Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.