The Handbook of Communication Rights, Law, and Ethics

1 1As one of the drafters of the UDHR, René Cassin, stated, the Declaration represents “the most vigorous … protest of humanity against the atrocities and the oppression which millions of human beings have suffered through the centuries” (Winter and Prost 2013, p. 250).

2 2Concerning the concept of universality, especially in Article 19 of the declaration, see Chapter 3by Loreto Corredoira in this volume.

3 3“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers”.

4 4English version available at https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf(accessed January 14, 2021).

5 5“In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society”.

6 6See communication no. 550/93, Faurisson v. France (November 8, 1996).

7 7See communications nos. 157/1983, Mpaka-Nsusu v. Zaire (March 26, 1986) and 414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea (July 8, 1994).

8 8See communication no. 878/1999, Kang v. the Republic of Korea (July 15, 2003).

9 9See communications nos. 359/1989 and 385/1989, Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada, (October 18, 1990); 414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea; 1189/2003, Fernando v. Sri Lanka (March 31, 2005); 1157/2003, Coleman v. Australia (July 17, 2006); 1022/2001, Velichkin v. Belarus (October 20, 2005); 1334/2004, Mavlonov and Sa’di v. Uzbekistán (March 19, 2009); 926/2000, Shin v. Republic of Korea (March 16, 2004); 736/97, Ross v. Canada (October 18, 2000); or 1341/2005, Zundel v. Canada (March 20, 2007).

10 10See communication no. 458/91, Mukong v. Cameroon (July 21, 1994).

11 11See communication no. 1353/2005, Njaru v. Cameroon (March 19, 2007).

12 12Ibid. and concluding observations on Georgia (CCPR/C/GEO/CO/3).

13 13Concluding observations on Guyana (CCPR/C/79/Add.121).

14 14See communication No. 736/97, cited in note 9.

15 15Concluding observations on the Russian Federation (CCPR/CO/79/RUS).

16 16Concluding observations on Uzbekistan (CCPR/CO/71/UZB).

17 17See communication no. 1157/2003, cited in note 9.

18 18General Comment No. 22: The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18): 30/07/93. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4. (accessed January 14, 2021)https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/general%20comment%2022.pdf(accessed January 14, 2021).

19 19General Comment No. 27, paragraph 14. See also communications nos. 1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola; and 1157/2003, Coleman v. Australia.

20 20See communication no. 1180/2003, Bodrozic v. Serbia and Montenegro (October 31, 2005).

21 21A defense of the use of said margin of appreciation can be found in McGoldrick (2016).

22 22See communication no. 511/1992, Ilmari Länsman et al. v. Finland (October 14, 1993).

23 23See the previously cited Sohn and Shin communications.

24 24A large number of further examples can be found in Abad Alcalá (2020).

25 25 https://www.un.org/es/events/pressfreedomday/pdf/Declaración%20de%20Windhoek.pdf(accessed January 13, 2020).

26 26These annual reports can be found at https://ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomOpinion/Pages/Annual.aspx(access by subscription.)

27 27Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on the use of encryption and anonymity to exercise the rights to freedom of opinion and expression in the digital age (A/HRC/29/32) (Twenty-ninth session). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/095/85/PDF/G1509585.pdf?OpenElement.

28 28Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on freedom of expression, states and the private sector in the digital age (A/HRC/32/38) (Thirty-second session). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/095/12/PDF/G1609512.pdf?OpenElement.

29 29According to data from the consulting firm NetMarketShare for May 2020 ( https://netmarketshare.com), Google easily has an absolute majority in the online browser market for desktops; Chrome’s market share is 68.26%, almost eight times higher than that of Firefox’s 8.01% or Edge’s 6.67%. In the mobile search engine categories, Google has also achieved global dominance with a 93.36% share, compared to 3.92% for Baidu or 0.95% for Yahoo! Meanwhile, in the world of social media, and according to data reported by Statista in May 2020 ( https://www.statista.com/markets/424/internet; accessed January 14, 2021), Facebook has more than 2.6 billion monthly active users as of the first quarter of 2020. Among other details, the social media giant now has almost five billion users worldwide, WhatsApp (two billion users) and Instagram (340 million users) are also included.

30 30Report of the Special Rapporteur to the human rights council on the role of digital access providers (A/HRC/35/22) (Thirty-fifth session). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/077/46/PDF/G1707746.pdf?OpenElement.

31 31Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on online content regulation A/HRC/38/35 (Thirty-eighth session). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/096/72/PDF/G1809672.pdf?OpenElement.

32 32Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on surveillance and human rights (A/HRC/41/35) (Forty-first session). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/148/76/PDF/G1914876.pdf?OpenElement.

33 33All these three representatives’ declarations on communication rights can be found at http://www.osce.org/fom/66176;

34 34Principles that are reaffirmed in the 2013 declaration. See note 33.

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