Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Children's Nurses
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Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Children's Nurses: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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is written for nurses and allied health professionals involved in the care of children and young people (CYP) to focus exclusively on pharmacology. Filling a gap in current literature on the subject, this much-needed resource develops the competence and confidence required to prescribe, dispense, and administer medicines to children and young people.
Emphasising the importance of patient-centered care to CYP, the text describes the role of the healthcare provider working with CYP and their families; explains how to use pharmaceutical and prescribing reference guides; discusses legal and ethical issues; examines pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and more. Helping readers respond appropriately and compassionately to the needs of those receiving care and their families, this textbook:
Covers a wide range of medications used in diabetes, cancer, mental health, and other areas Features a wealth of full-colour images and numerous pedagogical tools including learning objectives, self-test questions, and reflective exercises to enable readers to contextualise and assess their knowledge Presents case studies to reinforce learning, and illustrate the application of theory to practice Provides authoritative and practical guidance on formulations, adverse drug reactions, analgesics, antibiotics, immunisations, and the medications most commonly used when providing care to CYP Includes access to a companion website with interactive MCQs, case studies, references, an image bank, and links to further reading and supplemental resources
is essential reading for undergraduate children’s nursing students, trainee nursing associates, those undertaking healthcare programmes of study, as well as those seeking to better understand pharmacology.
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True, meaningful learning is not just about remembering endless facts and recalling them – whilst this is important, the application of that learning then completes the circle. Adapting your learning to respond to the people you offer care and support to as well adding to it as you progress in your career: this is the crux of lifelong learning. Pharmacological interventions are always developing and new drugs being introduced to the market, and therefore as new discoveries are made and as new information emerges the nurse is required to ensure that they are on top of this.
The 19 chapters within this introductory text will go some way to helping prepare future nurses and other healthcare workers as they work towards registration with statutory professional bodies such as the NMC and the Health and Care Professions Council.
Terminology
In this text we are using the term ‘children’ to refer collectively to ‘children and young people’ and ‘family’ relates to the significant adults who are involved in the child’s life, such as parents, carers or guardians.
The term ‘registered nurse’ includes those on the NMC register who are Nursing Associates. Nursing Associate is a role introduced within the England nursing team, working with healthcare support workers and registered nurses to deliver care for patients and the public working across the four fields of nursing.
When we refer to ‘students’, these include students of nursing from all fields of nursing. We also include other students who are learning to become members of a regulated health and social care profession who may be engaged with medications and medicines management.
We sincerely hope you enjoy using this text as you strive to improve care for children, young people and their families across a variety of care settings. The responsibilities of becoming a registered practitioner bring with them many obligations, but they also brings with them your opportunity to make a difference and to contribute to the health and well‐being of individuals, communities and nations.
References
1 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018a). Future Nurse: Standards of Proficiency for Registered Nurses. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/education‐standards/future‐nurse‐proficiencies.pdf(accessed August 2020).
2 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018b). Standards of Proficiency for Nursing Associates. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/education‐standards/nursing‐associates‐proficiency‐standards.pdf(accessed August 2020).
3 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018c). The Code. Professional Standards of Practice and Behaviour for Nurses, Midwives and Nursing Associates. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc‐publications/nmc‐code.pdf(accessed August 2020).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the contributors who, during a COVID‐19 pandemic, remained steadfast in their commitment to providing chapters for this text.
Ian would like to thank his partner Jussi Lahtinen for his support, and his friend Mrs Frances Cohen who, for many, many years, has encouraged and supported him.
Peter would like to thank Louise, Emme and Elliot, his Mam and Dad and colleagues past and present for their priceless support.
Prefixes and Suffixes
Prefix:A prefix is positioned at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. ‘Pre’ means ‘before’. Prefixes may also indicate a location, number or time.
Suffix:The ending part of a word that changes the meaning of the word.
PREFIX OR SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLE(S) |
---|---|---|
a‐, an‐ | not, without | analgesic, apathy |
ab‐ | from; away from | abduction |
abdomin(o)‐ | of or relating to the abdomen | abdomen |
a.c. | ante cibum | before food |
acous(io)‐ | of or relating to hearing | acoumeter, acoustician |
acr(o)‐ | extremity, topmost | acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia |
ad‐ | at, increase, on, toward | adduction |
aden(o)‐, aden(i)‐ | of or relating to a gland | adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus |
adip(o)‐ | of or relating to fat or fatty tissue | adipocyte |
ad lib. | ad libitum | to the desired amount |
adren(o)‐ | of or relating to adrenal glands | adrenal artery |
‐aemia | blood condition | anaemia |
aer(o)‐ | air, gas | aerosinusitis |
‐aesthesi(o)‐ | sensation | anaesthesia |
alb‐ | denoting a white or pale colour | albino |
‐alge(si)‐ | pain | analgesic |
‐algia, ‐alg(i)o‐ | pain | myalgia |
all(o‐) | denoting something as different, or as an addition | alloantigen, allopathy |
ambi‐ | denoting something as positioned on both sides | ambidextrous |
amni‐ | pertaining to the membranous fetus sac (amnion) | amniocentesis |
ana‐ | back, again, up | anaplasia |
andr(o)‐ | pertaining to a man | android, andrology |
angi(o)‐ | blood vessel | angiogram |
ankyl(o)‐, ancyl(o)‐ | denoting something as crooked or bent | ankylosis |
ante‐ | describing something as positioned in front of another thing | antepartum |
anti‐ | describing something as ‘against’ or ‘opposed to’ another | antibody, antipsychotic |
arteri(o)‐ | of or pertaining to an artery | arteriole, arterial |
arthr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the joints, limbs | arthritis |
articul(o)‐ | joint | articulation |
‐ase | enzyme | lactase |
‐asthenia | weakness | myasthenia gravis |
ather(o)‐ | fatty deposit, soft gruel‐like deposit | atherosclerosis |
atri(o)‐ | an atrium (especially heart atrium) | atrioventricular |
aur(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | aural |
aut(o)‐ | self | autoimmune |
axill‐ | of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix) | axilla |
b.d. or b.i.d. | bis in die | twice a day |
bi‐ | twice, double | binary |
bio‐ | life | biology |
blephar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid | blepharoplast |
brachi(o)‐ | of or relating to the arm | brachium of inferior colliculus |
brady‐ | slow | bradycardia |
bronch(i)‐ | bronchus | bronchiolitis obliterans |
bucc(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cheek | buccolabial |
burs(o)‐ | bursa (fluid sac between the bones) | bursitis |
c. | cum | with |
carcin(o)‐ | cancer | carcinoma |
cardi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the heart | cardiology |
carp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the wrist | carpopedal |
‐cele | pouching, hernia | hydrocele, varicocele |
‐centesis | surgical puncture for aspiration | amniocentesis |
cephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) | cephalalgy |
cerebell(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cerebellum | cerebellum |
cerebr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain | cerebrology |
chem(o)‐ | chemistry, drug | chemotherapy |
chol(e)‐ | of or pertaining to bile | cholecystitis |
cholecyst(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the gallbladder | cholecystectomy |
chondr(i)o‐ | cartilage, gristle, granule, granular | chondrocalcinosis |
chrom(ato)‐ | colour | haemochromatosis |
‐cidal, ‐cide | killing, destroying | bacteriocidal |
cili‐ | of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes | ciliary |
circum‐ | denoting something as ‘around’ another | circumcision |
col(o)‐, colono‐ | colon | colonoscopy |
colp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | colposcopy |
contra‐ | against | contraindicate |
coron(o)‐ | crown | coronary |
cost(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ribs | costochondral |
crani(o)‐ | belonging or relating to the cranium | craniology |
‐crine, ‐crin(o)‐ | to secrete | endocrine |
cry(o)‐ | cold | cryoablation |
cutane‐ | skin | subcutaneous |
cyan(o)‐ | denotes a blue colour | cyanosis |
cyst(o)‐, cyst(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the urinary bladder | cystotomy |
cyt(o)‐ | cell | cytokine |
‐cyte | cell | leukocyte |
‐dactyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to a finger, toe | dactylology, polydactyly |
dent‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | dentist |
dermat(o)‐, derm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the skin | dermatology |
‐desis | binding | arthrodesis |
dextr(o)‐ | right, on the right side | dextrocardia |
di‐ | two | diplopia |
dia‐ | through, during, across | dialysis |
dif‐ | apart, separation | different |
digit‐ | of or pertaining to the finger (rare as a root) | digit |
‐dipsia | suffix meaning ‘(condition of) thirst’ | polydipsia, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia |
dors(o)‐, dors(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the back | dorsal, dorsocephalad |
duodeno‐ | duodenum | duodenal atresia |
dynam(o)‐ | force, energy, power | hand strength dynamometer |
‐dynia | pain | vulvodynia |
dys‐ | bad, difficult, defective, abnormal | dysphagia, dysphasia |
ec‐ | out, away | ectopia, ectopic pregnancy |
‐ectasia, ‐ectasis | expansion, dilation | bronchiectasis, telangiectasia |
ect(o)‐ | outer, outside | ectoblast, ectoderm |
‐ectomy | denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision | mastectomy |
‐emesis | vomiting condition | haematemesis |
encephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain; also see cerebr(o)‐ | encephalogram |
endo‐ | denotes something as ‘inside’ or ‘within’ | endocrinology, endospore |
enter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the intestine | gastroenterology |
eosin(o)‐ | red | eosinophil granulocyte |
epi‐ | on, upon | epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis |
erythr(o)‐ | denotes a red colour | erythrocyte |
ex‐ | out of, away from | excision, exophthalmos |
exo‐ | denotes something as ‘outside’ another | exoskeleton |
extra‐ | outside | extradural haematoma |
faci(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the face | facioplegic |
fibr(o) | fibre | fibroblast |
fore‐ | before or ahead | forehead |
fossa | a hollow or depressed area; trench or channel | fossa ovalis |
front‐ | of or pertaining to the forehead | frontonasal |
galact(o)‐ | milk | galactorrhea |
gastr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the stomach | gastric bypass |
‐genic | formative, pertaining to producing | cardiogenic shock |
gingiv‐ | of or pertaining to the gums | gingivitis |
glauc(o)‐ | denoting a grey or bluish‐grey colour | glaucoma |
gloss(o)‐, glott(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | glossology |
gluco‐ | sweet | glucocorticoid |
glyc(o)‐ | sugar | glycolysis |
‐gnosis | knowledge | diagnosis, prognosis |
gon(o)‐ | seed, semen; also, reproductive | gonorrhoea |
‐gram, ‐gramme | record or picture | angiogram |
‐graph | instrument used to record data or picture | electrocardiograph |
‐graphy | process of recording | angiography |
gyn(ec)o‐ | woman | gynecomastia |
haemangi(o)‐ | blood vessels | haemangioma |
haemat(o)‐, haem‐ | of or pertaining to blood | haematology |
halluc‐ | to wander in mind | hallucinosis |
hemi‐ | one half | cerebral hemisphere |
hepat‐ (hepatic‐) | of or pertaining to the liver | hepatology |
heter(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the other’ (of two), as an addition, or different | heterogeneous |
hist(o)‐, histio‐ | tissue | histology |
home(o)‐ | similar | homeopathy |
hom(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the same’ as another or common | homosexuality |
hydr(o)‐ | water | hydrophobe |
hyper‐ | denotes something as ‘extreme’ or ‘beyond normal’ | hypertension |
hyp(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘below normal’ | hypovolemia |
hyster(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus | hysterectomy, hysteria |
iatr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to medicine, or a physician | iatrogenic |
‐iatry | denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component | podiatry, psychiatry |
‐ics | organised knowledge, treatment | obstetrics |
ileo‐ | ileum | ileocecal valve |
infra‐ | below | infrahyoid muscles |
inter‐ | between, among | interarticular ligament |
intra‐ | within | intramural |
ipsi‐ | same | ipsilateral hemiparesis |
ischio‐ | of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip joint | ischioanal fossa |
‐ismus | spasm, contraction | hemiballismus |
iso‐ | denoting something as being ‘equal’ | isotonic |
‐ist | one who specialises in | pathologist |
‐itis | inflammation | tonsillitis |
‐ium | structure, tissue | pericardium |
juxta‐ (iuxta‐) | near to, alongside or next to | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
karyo‐ | nucleus | eukaryote |
kerat(o)‐ | cornea (eye or skin) | keratoscope |
kin(ae)‐, kin(o)‐, kinesi(o)‐ | movement | kinaesthesia |
kyph(o)‐ | humped | kyphoscoliosis |
labi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lip | labiodental |
lacrim(o)‐ | tear | lacrimal canaliculi |
lact(i)‐, lact(o) | milk | lactation |
lapar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the abdomen wall, flank | laparotomy |
laryng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is | larynx |
latero‐ | lateral | lateral pectoral nerve |
‐lepsis, ‐lepsy | attack, seizure | epilepsy, narcolepsy |
lept(o)‐ | light, slender | leptomeningeal |
leuc(o)‐, leuk(o)‐ | denoting a white colour | leukocyte |
lingu(a)‐, lingu(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | linguistics |
lip(o)‐ | fat | liposuction |
lith(o)‐ | stone, calculus | lithotripsy |
‐logist | denotes someone who studies a certain field | oncologist, pathologist |
log(o)‐ | speech | logopedics |
‐logy | denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field | haematology, urology |
lymph(o)‐ | lymph | lymphedema |
lys(o)‐, ‐lytic | dissolution | lysosome |
‐lysis | destruction, separation | paralysis |
macr(o)‐ | large, long | macrophage |
‐malacia | softening | osteomalacia |
mammill(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple | mammillitis |
mamm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mammogram |
manu‐ | of or pertaining to the hand | manufacture |
mast(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mastectomy |
meg(a)‐, megal(o)‐, ‐megaly | enlargement, million | splenomegaly, megametre |
melan(o)‐ | black colour | melanin |
mening(o)‐ | membrane | meningitis |
meta‐ | after, behind | metacarpus |
‐meter | instrument used to measure or count | sphygmomanometer |
metr(o)‐ | pertaining to conditions of the uterus | metrorrhagia |
‐metry | process of measuring | optometry |
micro‐ | denoting something as small, or relating to smallness | microscope |
milli‐ | thousandth | millilitre |
mon(o)‐ | single | infectious mononucleosis |
morph(o)‐ | form, shape | morphology |
muscul(o)‐ | muscle | musculoskeletal system |
my(o)‐ | of or relating to muscle | myoblast |
myc(o)‐ | fungus | onychomycosis |
myel(o)‐ | of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord | myeloblast |
myri‐ | ten thousand | myriad |
myring(o)‐ | eardrum | myringotomy |
narc(o)‐ | numb, sleep | narcolepsy |
nas(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | nasal |
necr(o)‐ | death | necrosis, necrotising fasciitis |
neo‐ | new | neoplasm |
nephr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | nephrology |
neur(i)‐, neur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system | neurofibromatosis |
normo‐ | normal | normocapnia |
ocul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | oculist |
odont(o)‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | orthodontist |
odyn(o)‐ | pain | stomatodynia |
‐esophageal, esophag(o)‐ | gullet | gastroesophageal reflux |
‐oid | resemblance to | sarcoidosis |
‐ole | small or little | arteriole |
olig(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘having little, having few’ | oliguria |
o.m. | omni mane | every morning |
‐oma (sing.), ‐omata (pl.) | tumour, mass, collection | sarcoma, teratoma |
o.n. | omni nocte | every night |
onco‐ | tumour, bulk, volume | oncology |
onych(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe) | onychophagy |
oo‐ | of or pertaining to an egg, a woman’s egg, the ovum | oogenesis |
oophor(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the woman’s ovary | oophorectomy |
ophthalm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | ophthalmology |
optic(o)‐ | of or relating to chemical properties of the eye | opticochemical |
orchi(o)‐, orchid(o)‐, orch(o)‐ | testis | orchiectomy, orchidectomy |
‐osis | a condition, disease or increase | ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis |
osseo‐ | bony | osseous |
ossi‐ | bone | peripheral ossifying fibroma |
ost(e)‐, oste(o)‐ | bone | osteoporosis |
ot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | otology |
ovo‐, ovi‐, ov‐ | of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum | ovogenesis |
pachy‐ | thick | pachyderma |
paed‐, paedo‐ | of or pertaining to the child | paediatrics |
palpebr‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root) | palpebra |
pan‐, pant(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘complete’ or containing ‘everything’ | panophobia, panopticon |
papill‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast) | papillitis |
papul(o)‐ | indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling | papulation |
para‐ | alongside of, abnormal | paracyesis |
‐paresis | slight paralysis | hemiparesis |
parvo‐ | small | parvovirus |
path(o)‐ | disease | pathology |
‐pathy | denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder | sociopathy, neuropathy |
p.c. | post cibum | after food |
pector‐ | breast | pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony |
ped‐, ‐ped‐, ‐pes | of or pertaining to the foot; ‐footed | pedoscope |
pelv(i)‐, pelv(o)‐ | hip bone | pelvis |
‐penia | deficiency | osteopenia |
‐pepsia | denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract | dyspepsia |
peri‐ | denoting something with a position ‘surrounding’ or ‘around’ another | periodontal |
‐pexy | fixation | nephropexy |
phaco‐ | lens‐shaped | phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma |
‐phage, ‐phagia | forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion | sarcophagia |
‐phago‐ | eating, devouring | phagocyte |
‐phagy | forms nouns that denote ‘feeding on’ the first element or part of the word | haematophagy |
pharmaco‐ | drug, medication | pharmacology |
pharyng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity | pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy |
phleb(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein | phlebography, phlebotomy |
‐phobia | exaggerated fear, sensitivity | arachnophobia |
phon(o)‐ | sound | phonograph, symphony |
phot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to light | photopathy |
phren(i)‐, phren(o)‐, phrenico | the mind | phrenic nerve, schizophrenia |
‐plasia | formation, development | achondroplasia |
‐plasty | surgical repair, reconstruction | rhinoplasty |
‐plegia | paralysis | paraplegia |
pleio‐ | more, excessive, multiple | pleiomorphism |
pleur(o)‐, pleur(a) | of or pertaining to the ribs | pleurogenous |
‐plexy | stroke or seizure | cataplexy |
pneumat(o)‐ | air, lung | pneumatocele |
pneum(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lungs | pneumonocyte, pneumonia |
‐poiesis | production | haematopoiesis |
poly‐ | denotes a ‘plurality’ of something | polymyositis |
post‐ | denotes something as ‘after’ or ‘behind’ another | post‐operation, post‐mortem |
pre‐ | denotes something as ‘before’ another (in [physical] position or time) | premature birth |
presby(o)‐ | old age | presbyopia |
prim‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | primary |
p.r.n. | pro re nata | whenever necessary |
proct(o)‐ | anus, rectum | proctology |
prot(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | protoneuron |
pseud(o)‐ | denotes something false or fake | pseudoephedrine |
psor‐ | itching | psoriasis |
psych(e)‐, psych(o) | of or pertaining to the mind | psychology, psychiatry |
‐ptosis | falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse | apoptosis, nephroptosis |
‐ptysis | (a spitting), spitting, haemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes | haemoptysis |
pulmon‐, pulmo‐ | of or relating to the lungs | pulmonary |
pyel(o)‐ | pelvis | pyelonephritis |
py(o)‐ | pus | pyometra |
pyr(o)‐ | fever | antipyretic |
q.d. | quaque die | every day |
q.d.s. | quaque die sumendum | four times daily |
q.i.d. | quater in die | four times daily |
q.q.h. | quater quaque hora | every four hours |
quadr(i)‐ | four | quadriceps |
R. | recipe | Take |
radio‐ | radiation | radiowave |
ren(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | renal |
retro‐ | backward, behind | retroversion, retroverted |
rhin(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | rhinoplasty |
rhod(o)‐ | denoting a rose‐red colour | rhodophyte |
‐rrhage | burst forth | haemorrhage |
‐rrhagia | rapid flow of blood | menorrhagia |
‐rrhaphy | surgical suturing | nephrorrhaphy |
‐rrhexis | rupture | karyorrhexis |
‐rrhea | flowing, discharge | diarrhoea |
‐rupt | break or burst | erupt, interrupt |
salping(o)‐ | of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. Fallopian tubes | salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle |
sangui‐, sanguine‐ | of or pertaining to blood | exsanguination |
sarco‐ | muscular, flesh‐like | sarcoma |
scler(o)‐ | hard | scleroderma |
‐sclerosis | hardening | atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis |
scoli(o)‐ | twisted | scoliosis |
‐scope | instrument for viewing | stethoscope |
‐scopy | use of instrument for viewing | endoscopy |
semi‐ | one half, partly | semiconscious |
sial(o)‐ | saliva, salivary gland | sialagogue |
sigmoid(o)‐ | sigmoid, S‐shaped curvature | sigmoid colon |
sinistr(o)‐ | left, left side | sinistrocardia |
sinus‐ | of or pertaining to the sinus | sinusitis |
somat(o)‐, somatico‐ | body, bodily | somatic |
s.o.s. | si opus sit | if necessary |
‐spadias | slit, fissure | hypospadias, epispadias |
spasmo‐ | spasm | spasmodic dysphonia |
sperma(to)‐, spermo‐ | semen, spermatozoa | spermatogenesis |
splen(o)‐ | spleen | splenectomy |
spondyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra | spondylitis |
squamos(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘full of scales’ or ‘scaly’ | squamous cell |
stat. | statim | at once |
‐stalsis | contraction | peristalsis |
‐stasis | stopping, standing | cytostasis, homeostasis |
‐staxis | dripping, trickling | epistaxis |
sten(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘narrow in shape’ or pertaining to narrowness | stenography |
‐stenosis | abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure | restenosis, stenosis |
stomat(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the mouth | stomatogastric, stomatognathic system |
‐stomy | creation of an opening | colostomy |
sub‐ | beneath | subcutaneous tissue |
super‐ | in excess, above, superior | superior vena cava |
supra‐ | above, excessive | supraorbital vein |
tachy‐ | denoting something as fast, irregularly fast | tachycardia |
‐tension, ‐tensive | pressure | hypertension |
t.d.s. | ter die sumendum | three times daily |
tetan‐ | rigid, tense | tetanus |
thec‐ | case, sheath | intrathecal |
therap‐ | treatment | hydrotherapy, therapeutic |
therm(o)‐ | heat | thermometer |
t.i.d. | ter in die | three times daily |
thorac(i)‐, thorac(o)‐, thoracico‐ | of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck | thorax |
thromb(o)‐ | of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood | thrombus, thrombocytopenia |
thyr(o)‐ | thyroid | thyrocele |
thym‐ | emotions | dysthymia |
‐tome | cutting instrument | osteotome |
‐tomy | act of cutting; incising, incision | gastrotomy |
tono‐ | tone, tension, pressure | tonometer |
‐tony | tension | |
top(o)‐ | place, topical | topical anaesthetic |
tort(i)‐ | twisted | torticollis |
tox(i)‐, tox(o)‐, toxic(o)‐ | toxin, poison | toxoplasmosis |
trache(a)‐ | trachea | tracheotomy |
trachel(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the neck | tracheloplasty |
trans‐ | denoting something as moving or situated ‘across’ or ‘through’ | transfusion |
tri‐ | three | triangle |
trich(i)‐, trichia, trich(o)‐ | of or pertaining to hair, hair‐like structure | trichocyst |
‐tripsy | crushing | lithotripsy |
‐trophy | nourishment, development | pseudohypertrophy |
tympan(o)‐ | eardrum | tympanocentesis |
‐ula, ‐ule | small | nodule |
ultra‐ | beyond, excessive | ultrasound |
un(i)‐ | one | unilateral hearing loss |
ur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system; (specifically) pertaining to the physiological chemistry of urine | urology |
uter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the uterus or womb | uterus |
vagin‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | vagina |
varic(o)‐ | swollen or twisted vein | varicose |
vasculo‐ | blood vessel | vasculotoxicity |
vas(o)‐ | duct, blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
ven‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein (used in terms pertaining to the vascular system) | vein, venospasm |
ventricul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ | cardiac ventriculography |
ventr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities | ventrodorsal |
‐version | turning | anteversion, retroversion |
vesic(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the bladder | vesical arteries |
viscer(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera | viscera |
xanth(o)‐ | denoting a yellow colour, an abnormally yellow colour | xanthopathy |
xen(o)‐ | foreign, different | xenograft |
xer(o)‐ | dry, desert‐like | xerostomia |
zo(o)‐ | animal, animal life | zoology |
zym(o)‐ | fermentation | enzyme, lysozyme |
Abbreviations
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