The Solar System 2

5 Preface

6 Begin Reading

7 Appendix

8 Glossary

9 List of Authors

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

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SCIENCES

Universe , Field Director – Fabienne Casoli

Solar System , Subject Head – Thérèse Encrenaz

Coordinated by

Thérèse Encrenaz

James Lequeux

First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

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UK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021

The rights of Thérèse Encrenaz and James Lequeux to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021940272

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78945-034-7

ERC code:

PE9 Universe Sciences

PE9_1 Solar and interplanetary physics

PE9_4 Formation of stars and planets

Thérèse ENCRENAZ1 and James LEQUEUX2

1 LESIA, Paris Observatory, PSL University, Paris, France

2 LERMA, Paris Observatory, PSL University, Paris, France

The aim of this book is to present a global and synthetic vision of planetology to the reader, in other words, the study of the objects of the Solar System. This is an ambitious objective, because planetology has undergone considerable development over the last decades and, today, it presents interfaces with multiple disciplines. In our approach, we have chosen to prioritize the study of physico-chemical processes, in order to shed light on the mechanisms that are at the origin of the formation of the objects of the Solar System, or that are responsible for their evolution.

This work is a continuation of the book Le Système solaire (T. Encrenaz, J.-P. Bibring, M. Blanc, M.-A. Barucci, F. Roques, P. Zarka), published in 2003 by EDP-Sciences and CNRS Editions, in the “Savoirs Actuels” collection. This work was itself the third edition of Le Système solaire (T. Encrenaz, J.-P. Bibring, M. Blanc), first published in 1987 in co-edition with InterEditions and CNRS Editions. More than 30 years after this first edition, a complete revision of the work was essential: during this period, planetology has undergone several revolutions. The first ones, both realized thanks to ground-based telescopes, were the discovery of the first trans-Neptunian objects other than Pluto in 1992, and then, in 1995, the discovery of the first extrasolar planets around solar-type stars. The 1990, 2000 and 2010 decades saw the deep exploration of the planets Jupiter and Saturn and their system, with the Galileo and Cassini space missions. The beginning of the 21st century saw the resumption of the Mars exploration program with the launch of numerous probes, both in orbit and on the surface of the planet. Venus and Mercury were also visited by space probes, as well as several asteroids including Ceres and Vesta; lastly, the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko was the subject of extended exploration thanks to the spectacular European Rosetta mission. Meanwhile, the first detections of exoplanets paved the way to a new field of research in full development, that of exoplanetology. The extraordinary variety of objects discovered around other stars, both in terms of their orbits and their physical parameters, has raised new questions about the formation scenarios of planetary systems; the discovery of the phenomenon of migration in these systems has encouraged new research on the origin and evolution of our own Solar System. The discovery of a large proportion of rocky exoplanets – the “super-Earths” – has also stimulated work in exobiology with the ultimate goal of finding life on one of these exoplanets. Over the last 30 years, planetary scientists have forged increasingly close links with other astronomers (who are at the origin of the discovery of exoplanets), but also with geophysicists, chemists and biologists interested in the problem of the emergence of life, on Earth or elsewhere.