W. Dirk Raat - Lost Worlds of 1863

W. Dirk Raat

Professor Emeritus, State University of New York, Fredonia

With a Foreword by

Navajo and Laguna Pueblo Artist Steven Jon Yazzie

This edition first published 2022

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Raat, W. Dirk (William Dirk), 1939- author.

Title: Lost worlds of 1863 : relocation and removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest / W. Dirk Raat; with a foreword by Navajo artist Steven Jon Yazzie.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Contents: Prologue: Indigenous peoples in a global context : myth, struggle and survival -- Slavery and removal in Califormia and the Far West -- Lincoln, free soil and Fremont: the Emancipation Proclamation and Indian slavery -- Commentary: Lincoln and the Pueblos -- Numu (Paiute) wanderings, trails, and tears -- Commentary: The military and the boarding school -- Great Basin tribal politics-- Western Shoshones, Southern Paiutes and Colorado Utes -- The Arizona & New Mexico-Sonoran experience -- The long walk of the Navajo -- Commentary: The Hopi-Navajo land controversy -- Death of Mangas Coloradas, Chiricahua “renegades”, and Apache prisoners of war -- Treasure hunters hunting deer hunters : Yavapai and Apache gold -- With friends like these : the O’odham water controversy -- Commentary: Mormons and Lamanites -- From removal (“ethnic cleansing”) to genocide -- From battle to massacre on the Bear River -- Slaying the deer slayers in Mexico : the Yaqui experience -- Epilogue: After relocation, from Geronimo to Houser.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021009928 (print) | LCCN 2021009929 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119777625 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119777649 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119777632 (epub) | ISBN 9781119777656 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Indian Removal, 1813-1903. | Indians of North America--West (U.S.)--Treatment of. | Indians of North America--West (U.S.)--Government relations--19th century. | Whites--Relations with Indians. | West (U.S.)--Race relations--History--19th century. | Indians of North America--West (U.S.)--Crimes against. | United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Influence. | Racism--West (U.S.)--History--19th century.

Classification: LCC E98.R4 R33 2022 (print) | LCC E98.R4 (ebook) | DDC 973.04/97--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021009928

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021009929

Cover image: “Uprooting of a Dine’ Family” from Navajo and Laguna Pueblo artist Steven Jon Yazzie’s mural entitled Fear of a Red Planet: Relocation and Removal at the Heard Museum in Phoenix, Arizona (2000). Yazzie also wrote the foreword to Lost Worlds of 1863. It’s a personal note in which he speaks of his family’s trauma and survival tactics at the Boarding School, and his grandmother’s contemporary experience (1980s–1990s) of forced removal in what has been called the “Second Long Walk.” Yazzie also contributed several images to the book.

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5 STIX Two Text by Integra Software Services, Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Genocide (jen’ə sīd’), n. the deliberate and systematic elimination of a national or racial group. The attempt to eradicate a people or a culture from antiquity to the present. Historically, genocide has taken three forms—physical, biological, or cultural—usually, with some exceptions, functioning in conjunction with one another .

In Memoriam

This book is dedicated to the memory of indigenous peoples who did survive, as well as those who did not, the devastation and massacres of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries .

1 Cover

2 Title page Lost Worlds of 1863 Relocation and Removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest W. Dirk Raat Professor Emeritus, State University of New York, Fredonia With a Foreword by Navajo and Laguna Pueblo Artist Steven Jon Yazzie

3 Copyright

4 Dedication

5 Illustrations

6 Maps

7 Foreword

8 Preface

9 Prologue: Indigenous People in a Global Context Myth, Struggle and Survival

10 Part I Slavery and Removal in California and the Far West 1 Lincoln, Free Soil and Frémont: The Emancipation Proclamation and Indian Slavery 2 Numu (Paiute) Wanderings, Trails, and Tears 3 Great Basin Tribal Politics: Western Shoshones, Southern Paiutes, and Colorado Utes

11 Part II The Arizona–Sonoran Experience 4 The Long Walk of the Navajos 5 Death of Mangas Coloradas, Chiricahua “Renegades,” and Apache Prisoners of War 6 Treasure Hunters Hunting Deer Hunters: Yavapai and Apache Gold 7 With Friends like These: The O’odham Water Controversy