Etienne Perret - Non-Volatile CBRAM/MIM Switching Technology for Electronically Reconfigurable Passive Microwave Devices

5 Preface

6 Begin Reading

7 Conclusion

8 Appendix

9 References

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

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“…ajnaana-timirandhasya jnanaanjana-salakaya caksur-unmilitam yena tasmai sri-guruve namah…”

(Excerpts from Indian philosophy in Sanskrit language)

I humbly express my deep gratitude and obeisance to all my dear teachers who opened my eyes to the wisdom of knowledge, away from the blindness of ignorance, in all phases of my life…

(Translation)

Series EditorEtienne Perret

Jayakrishnan Methapettyparambu Purushothama

Etienne Perret

Arnaud Vena

First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

27-37 St George’s Road

London SW19 4EU

UK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111 River Street

Hoboken, NJ 07030

USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2022

The rights of Jayakrishnan Methapettyparambu Purushothama, Etienne Perret and Arnaud Vena to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021949301

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-813-9

Science means constantly walking a tightrope between blind faith and curiosity; between expertise and creativity; between bias and openness; between experience and epiphany; between ambition and passion; and between arrogance and conviction – in short, between an old today and a new tomorrow 1.

Heinrich Rohrer

(Swiss Physicist)

Radio has made people smarter since its discovery in the late 1800s. Now scientists are trying to make radios smart to make life even easier. Electromagnetic propagating waves in the range of 30 kHz–300 GHz are called radio waves, and electrical equipment handling these propagations are generally called radio or radio frequency (RF) devices. Human life is dependent on RF electronics in our everyday routine. TV and radio broadcast, mobile phone communication, the Internet, microwave heating and so on are an integral part of our daily life, implicitly or explicitly.

Radio equipment can be an active device (that uses an active power source for operation), like a mobile phone or a television set, or passive equipment (that does not use an active power source for operation or data storage, but scavenges a part of an interrogating energy source), like a contactless credit card, or an anti-theft RFID label in a supermarket.

Communication, connectivity and surveillance are the major fields that utilize most of the RF electronics in this era. This may involve the connectivity between two individuals separated in two continents or between two electrical devices in a same drawing room. The advent of the Internet of things (IoT), backed by 5G communication technologies, has intensified this demand by providing connectivity to almost all our daily utility accompaniments. However, all this electrical equipment, whether active or passive, requires electrical switches, beginning with the initial need for power, and these span the entirety of the internal RF circuitry. These switches operate in different domains, ranging from electrical power switches to different relays, selectors, limit switches and RF switches.

Among these, RF switches play a key role in their domain and are unique with respect to required performances. These are used not only in wireless communications, but also in smart RF sensors and actuators of the future. RF switches allow electronic reconfiguration of device parameters such as operating frequency in a filter, radiation pattern in an antenna and so on, in order to make these devices more efficient. They are present in all communication systems and allow, in summary, signal multiplexing or regulation, so as to reconfigure, or dynamically control, the system. Today’s technological solutions for RF switching (solid-state semiconductor switches and RF micro-electromechanical-systems [MEMS]) need some improvements to meet the emerging requirements, in which the most desired innovation is non-volatile operation, i.e. operating without any energy requirements for maintaining an impedance state. Such a broadband solution, based on a flexible and low cost approach, is eagerly awaited.