Laura Smith - Counseling the Culturally Diverse

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The most up-to-date edition of a critically acclaimed and widely read cross-cultural counseling resource In the newly revised Ninth Edition of
, a team of veteran practitioners delivers an up-to-date and comprehensive exploration of multicultural counseling combining the most recent research and theoretical concepts in the field. The book examines concepts like “cultural humility,” the role of white allies in multicultural counseling, social justice counseling, “minority stress,” and microaggressions.
Readers will also find:
Expansive discussions on the implications of numerous subjects for real-world clinical practice “Reflection and Discussion Questions” that encourage reader engagement, learning, and retention with the concepts discussed within Access to an instructor’s website that provides PowerPoint decks, exam questions, sample syllabi, and links to other valuable resources Perfectly suited to researchers and practitioners who work in or study mental health and interact with a racially, ethnically, culturally, or socio-demographically diverse population,
also belongs in the libraries of social workers and psychiatrists.

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Table 4.2Examples of Microaggressions in Therapeutic Practice

Adapted from Sue, Bucceri et al. (2007).

Themes Microaggression Message
Alien in Own LandWhen Asian Americans and Latinx Americans are assumed to be foreign‐born A White client does not want to work with an Asian American therapist because she “will not understand my problem” You are not American
A White therapist tells an American‐born Latinx client that he or she should seek a Spanish‐speaking therapist
Ascription of IntelligenceAssigning a degree of intelligence to a Person of Color or a woman based on race or gender A school counselor reacts with surprise when an Asian American student says they have had trouble on the math portion of a standardized test All Asian people are smart and good at math
A career counselor asking a Black or Latinx student, “Do you think you're ready for college?” It is unusual for People of Color to succeed
A school counselor reacting with surprise at hearing that a female student scored high on the math portion of a standardized test It is unusual for women to be smart and good at math
Color BlindnessStatements that indicate that a White person does not want to acknowledge race A therapist says, “I think you are being too paranoid. We should emphasize similarities, not people's differences” when a client attempts to discuss her feelings about being the only Person of Color at her job and feeling alienated and dismissed by her coworkers Race and culture are not important variables that affect people's lives
A client of color expresses concern in discussing racial issues with her therapist; her therapist replies, “When I see you, I don't see color” Your racial experiences are not valid
Criminality/Assumption of Criminal StatusA Person of Color is presumed to be dangerous, criminal, or deviant based on their race When a Black client shares that she was accused of stealing from work, her therapist encourages her to explore how she might have contributed to her employer's mistrust of her You are a criminal
A therapist takes great care to ask all substance‐abuse questions in an intake with a Native American client and is suspicious of the client's nonexistent history with substances You are deviant
Use of Sexist/Heterosexist LanguageTerms that exclude or degrade women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) groups During the intake session, when a female client discloses that she has been in her current relationship for 1 year, the therapist asks how long the client has known her boyfriend Heterosexuality is the norm
When an adult female client explains she is feeling isolated at work, her male therapist asks, “Aren't there any girls you can gossip with there?” Application of language that implies to adolescent or adult females, “your problems are trivial”
Denial of Individual Racism/Sexism/HeterosexismA statement made when a member of the power group renounces their biases When a client of color asks his or her therapist about how race affects their working relationship, the therapist replies, “Race does not affect the way I treat you” Your racial/ethnic experience is not important
When a client of color expresses hesitancy in discussing racial issues with his White female therapist, she replies, “I understand. As a woman, I face discrimination also” Your racial oppression is no different than my gender oppression.
A therapist's nonverbal behavior conveys discomfort when a bisexual male client is describing a recent sexual experience with a man; when he asks her about it, she insists she has “no negative feelings toward gay people” and says it is important to keep the conversation on him I am incapable of homonegativity, yet I am unwilling to explore this
Myth of MeritocracyStatements that assert that race or gender does not play a role in succeeding in career advancement or education A school counselor tells a Black student that “if you work hard, you can succeed like everyone else” People of color are lazy and need to work harder; if you don't succeed, you have only yourself to blame (blaming the victim)
When a female client visits a career counselor to share her concerns that a male coworker was chosen for a managerial position over her, despite the fact that she was better qualified and has been in the job longer, the counselor responds that “he must have been better suited for some of the job requirements” Women are incompetent and need to work harder; if you don't succeed, you have only yourself to blame (blaming the victim)
Pathologizing Cultural Values/Communication StylesThe notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/White culture are ideal Second‐Class CitizenWhen a member of the power group is given preferential treatment over a target group member Traditional Gender Role Prejudicing and StereotypingWhen expectations of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed When a Black client is loud, emotional, and confrontational in a counseling session, the therapist diagnoses her with borderline personality disorder Assimilate to the dominant culture
When a client of Asian or Native American descent has trouble maintaining eye contact with his therapist, she diagnoses him with a social anxiety disorder
Asking a client, “Do you really think your problem stems from racism?” Leave your cultural baggage outside
When a male client calls and requests a session time that is currently taken by a female client, the therapist grants him the appointment without calling the female client to see if she can change times Male clients are more valued than female clients
A client of color is not welcomed or acknowledged by a receptionist White clients are more valued than clients of color
A therapist continually asks a middle‐aged female client about dating and “putting herself out there” despite the client not having expressed interest in exploring this area Women should be married, and dating should be an important topic/part of your life
A gay male client has been with his partner for 5 years; his therapist continually probes his desires to meet other men and be unfaithful Gay men are promiscuous/cannot have monogamous relationships
A therapist raises her eyebrows when a female client mentions that she has had a one‐night stand Women should not be sexually adventurous
Sexual ObjectificationWhen women are treated like objects at men's disposal A male therapist puts his hands on a female client's back as she walks out of the session Your body is not yours
A male therapist looks at his female client's breasts while she is talking Your body/appearance is for men's enjoyment and pleasure
Assumption of AbnormalityOccurs when it is implied that there is something wrong with being lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) When discussing his client's bisexuality, a therapist repeatedly implies that there is a “crisis of identity” Bisexuality represents a confusion about sexual orientation
When a lesbian comes in for career counseling, the therapist continually insists that she needs to discuss her sexuality Your sexual orientation represents pathology
The therapist of a 20‐year‐old lesbian inadvertently refers to sexuality as a “phase” Your sexuality is something that is not stable

MICROINTERVENTIONS: THE NEW THERAPEUTIC FRONTIER

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