The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development

Many sociocultural issues and crises arose during this era that shaped research on children’s social development. Beyond the issues detailed herein, the following were among the most influential: (a) racial, ethnic, and sexual diversity (e.g., minority/non‐minority status, prejudice and discrimination, ethnic and bicultural identity; Douglas & Umaňa‐Taylor, 2015; Fuligni & Tisak, 2014; Rivas‐Drake et al., 2014), (b) assimilation and acculturation of immigrant, migrant, and refugee children (e.g., risks, acculturative stress, resilience; Böhlmark, 2018; Ismail, 2019; Rogers‐Sirin et al., 2014), (c) gender development and transitions (e.g., transgender children, gender dysphoria, gender reassignment; Di Cegli, 2014; Ristori & Steensma, 2016; Steensma & Cohen‐Kettenis, 2015), (d) drug abuse (e.g., exposure in‐utero, Bandstra et al., 2010; Behnke et al., 2013; child and adolescent drug use, Patrick & Schulenberg, 2014; Susman et al., 2008), (d) reproductive trends and sexual development (e.g., delayed childbearing; adolescent pregnancy, Balasch & Gratacos, 2012; Geronimus, 2003; LGBTQ youth and LGBTQ parents, Farr et al., 2010; Rosario & Schrimshaw, 2013), (f) rearing alternatives and disparities (e.g., adoption, foster care; poverty, SES differences; Grotevant & McDermott, 2014; Lawrence et al., 2006; Aber et al., 2007; Letourneau et al., 2013), (g) pathways to deviance and criminality (e.g., gangs, delinquency, peer deviancy training; Allen et al., 2019; Allen et al., 2002; Bradshaw et al., 2013; Ryan et al., 2010), and (h) religious and spiritual development (e.g., religiosity; religious socialization, Bartkowski et al., 2008; Carothers et al., 2005; Hardy & Carlo, 2005).

In conclusion, readers are encouraged to contemplate a disclaimer and a recommendation. The scientific study of children’s social development has had a long history and only a portion of its recent innovations and achievements were profiled in this chapter. Given this discipline’s breadth, complexity, and longevity, it was necessary to adopt a macro perspective; consideration of specific conceptual advances within the many subdomains of social development exceeded the scope of this chapter. For this reason, readers are encouraged to consult other sources that provide a more in‐depth, detailed overview and analysis of the social development discipline and its history (e.g., chapters in this volume; Clarke‐Stuart & Parke, 2014).

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