Counseling and Psychotherapy

DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP Although agreed-on definitions and descriptions of the helping relationship should be easy to find, this is not the case. Despite the importance of this relationship in the overall helping process, a perusal of textbooks and articles dealing with counseling and psychotherapy shows the lack of a common definition and that many theories and applications were developed by White, Western, and cisgendered men. Any definition should be grounded in awareness of the intersectional nature of identity and adapt the relationship to the client; for example, with trans and nonbinary clients, this should be affirming of nonconforming gender identity, ongoing minority stress, and resilience (see dickey & Singh, 2020). Rogers (1961), in his classical and seminal work On Becoming A Person , defined a helping relationship as one “in which at least one of the parties has the intent of promoting the growth, development, maturity, improved functioning, and improved coping with life of the other” (p. 39). Okun (1992) stated that “the development of a warm, trustful relationship between the helper and helpee underlies any strategy or approach to the helping process and, therefore, is a basic condition for the success of any helping process” (p. 14). Sommers-Flanagan (2015) noted that “each mental health counselor will inevitably display therapeutic relational factors in unique ways that may be difficult for other practitioners to replicate, because anything relational or interpersonal is alive, automatically unique, and therefore resists sterile descriptive language” (p. 100). Sommers-Flanagan went on to recommend that counselors implement core relational attitudes and behaviors based on evidence-based practice principles (see Sidebar 1.1 ). It is easy to see the difficulty in categorically stating an accepted definition or description of the helping relationship, regardless of which of the aforementioned statements one chooses to embrace. Nevertheless, despite the differences, each carries with it directions and directives aimed at a single goal: the enhancement and encouragement of client change. The following definitive characteristics of the helping relationship embrace this goal and describe our conceptualization of this relationship: HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: STAGES HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: CORE CONDITIONS HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: STRATEGIES MOVING TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY MULTICULTURAL AND SOCIAL/CULTURAL ORIENTATIONS SUMMARY REFERENCES Chapter 2: Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Through Relational-Cultural Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN RCT APPROACH REFERENCES

9 Part 2: Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter 3: Psychodynamic Theories: Psychoanalysis and Beyond BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A BRIEF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 4: Jungian Analytical Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A JUNGIAN APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 5: Adlerian Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN ADLERIAN APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 6: Existential Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 7: Person-Centered Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 8: Gestalt Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A GESTALT APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 9: Cognitive Behavioral Theories BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A CBT APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 10: Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Theories With Mindfulness-Based Interventions BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A DIALECTICAL APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 11: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN REBT APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 12: Reality Therapy/Choice Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A REALITY THERAPY APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 13: Family Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A FAMILY COUNSELING APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 14: Feminist Theory BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A FEMINIST APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 15: Constructivist Theories: Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 16: Integrating Theories: Emotion-Focused Therapy BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN EFT FOR INDIVIDUALS APPROACH REFERENCES Chapter 17: Using Creative Approaches in the Context of Counseling and Psychotherapy BACKGROUND HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONSTRUCTS APPLICATIONS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS THE CASE OF CLARITA: CREATIVE APPROACHES REFERENCES

10 Name Index

11 Subject Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Birth Order Characteristics

2 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Taking the Existential Journey With the Client: Recognize the Anxi...

3 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Gestalt Therapy Intervention Strategies

4 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Types of Reinforcement and PunishmentTable 9.2 Common Cognitive DistortionsTable 9.3 Self-Monitoring Thought Record ExampleTable 9.4 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Interventions

1 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The Cycle of Awareness

2 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Classical Conditioning of Social Anxiety Example Figure 9.2 Cognitive Conceptualization Example

3 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Third-Wave Therapies Figure 10.2 Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Theories Holistic Framework Figure 10.3 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Stages of Treatment

4 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Cycle of Counseling, Coaching, Managing, Supervising, and Parent...

1 Cover Page

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page Copyright © 2022 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. American Counseling Association 2461 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite 300 ■ Alexandria, VA 22331 Associate Publisher ■ Carolyn C. Baker Digital and Print Development Editor ■ Nancy Driver Senior Production Manager ■ Bonny E. Gaston Copy Editor ■ Elaine G. Dunn Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Capuzzi, Dave, editor. | Stauffer, Mark D., editor. Title: Counseling and psychotherapy : theories and interventions / edited by David Capuzzi and Mark D. Stauffer. Description: Seventh edition. | Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2021052713 | ISBN 9781556204104 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Counseling. | Psychotherapy. | Counseling—Case studies. | Psychotherapy—Case studies. Classification: LCC BF637.C6 C634 2022 | DDC 158/.3—dc23/eng/20220103 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052713

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