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DC Microgrids

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DC Microgrids
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The electric grid is on the threshold of a paradigm shift. In the past few years, the picture of the grid has changed dramatically due to the introduction of renewable energy sources, advancements in power electronics, digitalization, and other factors. All these megatrends are pointing toward a new electrical system based on Direct Current (DC). DC power systems have inherent advantages of no harmonics, no reactive power, high efficiency, over the conventional AC power systems. Hence, DC power systems have become an emerging and promising alternative in various emerging applications, which include distributed energy sources like wind, solar and Energy Storage System (ESS); distribution networks; smart buildings, remote telecom systems; and transport electrification like electric vehicles (EVs) and shipboard.
All these applications are designed at different voltages to meet their specific requirements individually because of the lack of standardization. Thus, the factors influencing the DC voltages and system operation needed to be surveyed and analyzed, which include voltage standards, architecture for existing and emerging applications, topologies and control strategies of power electronic interfaces, fault diagnosis and design of the protection system, optimal economical operation, and system reliability.
This groundbreaking new volume presents these topics and trends of DC microgrids, bridging the research gap on DC microgrid architectures, control and protection challenges to enable wide-scale implementation of energy-efficient DC microgrids. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.

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12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Ring topology of multi-terminal DC microgrid.Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram of MMC-based DC microgrid grounding position.Figure 12.3 Fault current path at MMC side under unipolar fault.Figure 12.4 Equivalent circuit at MMC side under unipolar fault.Figure 12.5 Fault current path under bipolar fault.Figure 12.6 Fault current path under bipolar fault before MMC being blocked.Figure 12.7 Fault current path under bipolar fault after MMC being blocked.Figure 12.8 Schematic diagram of protection zone division.Figure 12.9 Schematic architecture of integrated control and protection platform...Figure 12.10 Flow chart of DC bipolar fault isolation and recovery.Figure 12.11 Laboratory setting for the DC microgrid tests.Figure 12.12 Fault sets selected on the studied DC microgrid.Figure 12.13 Simulation of positive pole metallic fault on DC line CL1. (a) Faul...Figure 12.14 Positive pole fault through 300 Ω transition resistance on DC line ...Figure 12.15 Positive pole fault through 300 Ω transition resistance on DC line ...Figure 12.16 Simulation of bipolar fault on DC line CL7. (a) Fault current at bo...Figure 12.17 Output of VSC2 under DC line CL7 bipolar fault. (a) Bipolar DC volt...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 DC microgrid system under study.Figure 13.2 Structure of decision tree for binary classification.Figure 13.3 Classes of two-dimensional classification in the feature space.Figure 13.4 Flow chart of decision tree-based algorithm.Figure 13.5 Fault current and voltage during a PG fault in section D1 for GC ((a...Figure 13.6 Confusion matrix of decision tree-based classifier.Figure 13.7 ROC curve of the trained DT classifier.Figure 13.8 Comparison of mode detection accuracy (%) of DT-1 with other machine...Figure 13.9 Comparison of DT-based scheme in terms of reliability indices.Figure 13.10 Fault current and voltage during a PG fault in section D3 for GC ((...Figure 13.11 Generation of trip signal for the fault case depicted in Figure 13....Figure 13.12 Fault current and voltage during a PG fault in section D2 for GC ((...Figure 13.13 Trip signal for the fault case depicted in Figure 13.12 (a) for GC ...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Typical microgrid structure.Figure 14.2 Block diagram of the multiple DGs distribution system.Figure 14.3 Block diagram of Static Transfer Switch (STS).Figure 14.4 The PL < PDG, DG1 and DG2 are in condition of islanding, and synchro...Figure 14.5 The PL > PDG islanding condition of DG1 power sharing of DG2 and...Figure 14.6 The PL > PDG Power sharing of DG1, islanding condition of DG2...Figure 14.7 Voltage level of both DGs and PCC when PL = PDG.Figure 14.8 Voltage at PCC during three different condition and No tripping sign...Figure 14.9 Proposed grid-connected PV system.Figure 14.10 Flow chart.Figure 14.11 When PL > PDG. (a) Voltage reduces after grid disconnectio...Figure 14.12 When PL < PDG. (a) Voltage increases after grid disconnection. (b) ...Figure 14.13 When PL = PDG. (a) Voltage same after grid disconnection. (b) Extra...Figure 14.14 Block diagram of individual harmonic extraction.Figure 14.15 Harmonic measurement circuit.Figure 4.16 Hardware results. (a) Operation STS after load change. (b) Tripping ...Figure 14.17 Voltage waveform at PCC with harmonic detection. (a) Islanding with...

Guide

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page

4 Copyright

5 Preface

6 Begin Reading

7 Index

8 Also of Interest

9 End User License Agreement

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