Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright

4 Preface

5 1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines 1.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle 1.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery 1.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines 1.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References

6 2 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools 2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications 2.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects Acknowledgments References

7 3 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need for Nanovaccines 3.3 Types of Nanovaccines 3.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines 3.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines 3.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References

8 4 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology 4.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2 4.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV2 4.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV2 4.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine 4.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines 4.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 4.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 4.10 Challenges and Limitations 4.11 Conclusion and Outlook References

9 5 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease 5.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease 5.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer 5.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease 5.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgments References

10 6 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment 6.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application 6.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy 6.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines 6.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer 6.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer 6.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer 6.9 Perspectives and Future Directions 6.10 Conclusions References

11 7 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study 7.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study 7.4 Conclusion References

12 8 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro-6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Computational and Influx 8.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer 8.4 Conclusion References

13 9 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydrate Nano (32 nm) Scaled Crystals 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Experimental 9.3 Results and Discussions 9.4 Conclusion References

14 10 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Synthesis and XRD 10.3 Influx 10.4 Computational 10.5 Conclusion References

15 11 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnOMIZN Nanoparticles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antibacterial Activity 11.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect 11.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN 11.5 Filter Utility 11.6 Conclusion References

16 12 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro-5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 XRD and Computational 12.3 Bioutility 12.4 Conclusion References

17 13 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Characterizations 13.3 Conclusion References

18 14 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Computational 14.3 Synthesis 14.4 XRD 14.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales 14.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals 14.7 Antioxidant Activity 14.8 Conclusion References

19 15 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2-Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals 15.1 Introduction 15.2 XRD and Computational Data 15.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect 15.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects References

20 16 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Tribological Data 16.3 Influx 16.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility 16.5 Conclusion References

21 17 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality? 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Development of Nanovaccines 17.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines 17.4 Success Story 17.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health 17.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health 17.7 Constraints in the Development and Application 17.8 Issues Related to Product Application 17.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health 17.10 Conclusion References

22 18 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles 18.3 Functionalization of NPs 18.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis 18.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development 18.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration 18.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications 18.8 Emulsions 18.9 Nanogels 18.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) 18.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines 18.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines 18.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines 18.14 Future Aspects 18.15 Conclusions References

23 19 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines 19.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines 19.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines 19.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines 19.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers 19.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines 19.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery 19.9 Future Perspectives 19.10 Conclusion References

24 Index

25 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 A list of targeted delivery tools used against pathogens and diseases. Table 2.2 Some commercial nanomaterial products approved by FDA and EMA.

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Types of nanovaccines against superbugs.

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 WHO-approved SARS-CoV2 vaccines.Table 4.2 SARS-CoV2 vaccines in Phase 4 clinical trials.

4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Antibacterial effect of 2C6NA nanocrystals.Table 8.2 Fungal approach of 2C6NA nanocrystals.Table 8.3 Antioxidant and antidiabetic data of 2C6NA nanocrystals.Table 8.4 Details of samples received for the study.Table 8.5 Concentrations used for the study.

5 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Data of SXRD of BGLBMH crystals.Table 9.2 Milling of BGLBMH crystals for nanoscaling.Table 9.3 AD of macro, nano BGLBMH crystals.Table 9.4 Influx of macro, nano BGLBMH crystals.Table 9.5 AO of macro, nano BGLBMH crystals.

6 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Energy densities of crystals of N2MNM4MBH.Table 10.2 Antidiabetic effects of both scales.

7 Chapter 11Table 11.1 ZnO-MIZN—antibacterial activity.Table 11.2 Phase composition, structural, and microstructural parameters as obta...Table 11.3 Magnetic properties of biogenic ZnO nano powders.

8 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Interaction energies and surface info of 2F5NA.Table 12.2 Biouses of 2F5NA crystals.