David Grann - The Lost City of Z

74 “toughs, would be”:Ibid.

74 a thirty-year-old:Fawcett used a pseudonym for Chivers in Exploration Fawcett, calling him Chalmers.

74 “They were all”:Ibid., p. 21.

74 Since the canal’s:Enrique Chavas-Carballo, “Ancon Hospital: An American Hospital During the Construction of the Panama Canal, 1904-1914,” Military Medicine, Oct. 1999.

75 “How strange”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 26.

76 “a marvelous effect”:Freshfield and Wharton, Hints to Travellers, p. 12.

76 “A mule’s load”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 159.

76 Christopher Columbus had:My descriptions of the Amazon rubber boom and the frontier come from several sources, including Furneaux, Amazon, pp. 144-66; Hemming, Amazon Frontier, pp. 271-75; and St. Clair, Mighty, Mighty Amazon, pp. 156-63.

76 In 1912, Brazil alone:Author’s interview with Aldo Musacchio, co-author of “Brazil in the International Rubber Trade, 1870-1930,” which was published in From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000, ed. Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr Frank (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006).

76 “No extravagance”:Furneaux, Amazon, p. 153.

77 “the most criminal”:Quoted in Hemming, Amazon Frontier, pp. 292-93.

77 “My heart sank”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 41.

78 “from ‘nowhere’ ”:Ibid., p. 89.

78 “as proper as”:Price, Amazing Amazon, p. 147.

78 “Government? What”:Quoted in Fifer, Bolivia, p. 131.

78 “Here come”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, pp. 95-96.

78 In one instance:See Hardenburg, Putumayo.

78 “In some sections”:Ibid., p. 204.

79 “It is no exaggeration”:U.S. Department of State, Slavery in Peru, p. 120.

79 “so many of them”:Ibid., p. 69.

79 “the wretched policy”:Percy Harrison Fawcett, “Survey Work on the Frontier Between Bolivia and Brazil,” p. 185.

79 “the great dangers”:Percy Harrison Fawcett, “Explorations in Bolivia,” p. 515.

79 “He could smell”:Ibid., p. 64.

80 “He has his choice”:Percy Harrison Fawcett, “In the Heart of South America,” pt. 4, p. 91.

80 “the most ferocious”:Theodore Roosevelt, Through the Brazilian Wilderness, p. 40.

80 “there was an unpleasant”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 131.

80 In addition to piranhas:For descriptions of the animals and insects of the Amazon, see Forsyth and Miyata, Tropical Nature; Cutright, Great Naturalists Explore South America; Kricher, Neotropical Companion; and Millard, River of Doubt.

80 The German explorer-scientist:Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, pp. 112-16.

81 “One shock is sufficient”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 50.

81 “carry no hope”:Fawcett, “In the Heart of South America,” pt. 3, p. 498.

81 “It was one”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 84.

82 “We lived simply”:Costin to daughter Mary, Nov. 10, 1946, Costin Family Papers.

82 “Inactivity was what”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 94.

82 “Monkeys are looked”:Ibid., p. 47.

82 “is against man”:Ibid.

83 “[Mosquitoes] constitute”:Price, Amazing Amazon, p. 138.

83 “The piums settled”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 59.

83 “The Tabana came singly”:Ibid., p. 49.

83 “Attacked in hammocks”:Ernest Holt diary, Oct. 20, 1920, ADAH.

84 according to one estimate:Millard, River of Doubt, p. 250.

85 “a couple of crossed”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 89.

85 “When [the Kanichana]”:Métraux, Native Tribes of Eastern Bolivia and Western Matto Grosso, p. 80.

85 “The head and the intestines”:Clastres, “Guayaki Cannibalism,” pp. 313-15.

86 “court assassination”:C. Reginald Enock, letter to the editor, Geographical Journal, April 19, 1911, RGS.

87 “It was trying”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 73.

87 “Their bodies [were] painted”:Ibid., p. 87.

87 “One ripped through”:Ibid.

87 “I had observed”:Ibid., p. 83.

87 Still, two of the men:Fawcett, “Explorations in Bolivia,” p. 523.

87 “I was tempted”:Ibid., p. 43.

87 “Unless he had”:Keltie to Nina Fawcett, Dec. 1, 1913, RGS.

88 “the healthy person”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 55.

91 “professional burglar”:Malcolm, Silent Woman, p. 9.

92 Many of the diaries:Quotations from diaries and logbooks come from the private papers of the Fawcett family.

94 “Are you game?”:See Percy Harrison Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, pp. 116-22. For further information on the journey, see Fawcett’s “Explorations in Bolivia” and his four-part series “In the Heart of South America.”

95 “When… the enterprising traveler”:Fawcett, “In the Heart of South America,” pt. 2, p. 491.

95 “Time and the foot”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 122.

95 Conan Doyle reportedly:Doyle, notes to Lost World, p. 195. The other place commonly said to have inspired the novel’s setting is Mount Roraima in Venezuela.

95 “What’ll we do”:For details of their conversation, see Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, pp. 120-21.

96 “Starvation sounds almost”:Fawcett, “In the Heart of South America,” pt. 3, p. 549.

97 “The rain forest”:Millard, River of Doubt, p. 148.

97 “the aquatic equivalents”:Forsyth and Miyata, Tropical Nature, p. 93.

97 Nearly a month after:Thirty-eight years later, it was revealed that Fawcett and his men had actually been several miles from the principal source. Brian Fawcett noted that “my father would have been bitterly disappointed.”

98 “How long could”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 122.

98 “The voices of”:Ibid., p. 121.

98 “Starvation blunts one’s”:Fawcett, “In the Heart of South America,” pt. 4, p. 89.

98 “[An ambush], in spite”:Fawcett, Exploration Fawcett, p. 110.

98 “For God’s sake”:Ibid., p. 124.

101 “the most remarkable”:Percy Harrison Fawcett, “Case for an Expedition in the Amazon Basin” (proposal), April 13, 1924, RGS.