Сборник статей: Хмурые будни холодной войны. Ее солдаты, прорабы и невольные участники

Whether late eighties summits resulted in a meaningful exchange between the folksy Reagan and the emollient Gorbachev is problematic although they did result in the abolition of an entire class of nuclear weapons. The view of history which perpetuated the Cold War, driven by equally culpable states harnessed to a technology fuelled race for supremacy, was being re-defined. A new openness was manifest. At the Brandenberg Gate, Reagan called out to Gorbachev to “Tear down this wall!” Drama has a role to play in international relations and perhaps Gorbachev responded to Reagan’s theatrics by refusing East German requests for Soviet tanks in Liepzig to suppress protestors using the Nikolai Church as the focal point for liberalisation demands. These events, together with Hungary opening its borders, precipitated the collapse of the Berlin Wall by popular action.

Gorbachev’s predecessors viewed the Berlin Wall as emblematic of East West confrontation. Gorbachev’s insights viewed the Wall as largely irrelevant and dispensable. The New York Times cited the Premier: “ The wall can disappear when those conditions that created it fall away…I don't see a major problem here.” He went on, ‘7 think we have come out of a period of cold war, even if there are still some chills and drafts… We are simply bound to a new stage of relations, one I would call the peaceful period in the development of international relations .” 11Gorbachev surpassed a view of history which saw Cold War “conditions” as immutable. He had support from Medvedev, Chemyaev, Yakolev and Shevardnadze – an iconoclastic cell aimed at reform. 12

Gorbachev resisted reactionary elements in the Soviet administration, challenged the unrepresentative nature of the public franchise, countered corruption in State enterprises and popularised a view of coexistence eschewing nuclear arsenals. This was a supersession of a world view; a seismic shift in a historical paradigm. In his final speech as President of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev described the world he inherited “ The society was suffocating in the vice of the command-bureaucratic system, doomed to serve ideology and bear the terrible burden of the arms race. It had reached the limit of its possibilities .” 13This was the last gasp of the Cold War. A renunciation of an ideology. Gorbachev blended realpolitik executive authority with considerations of simple social right. This leavening so contradicted the language of the Cold War, that its transcendence provided an alternative view of history which largely persists in international relations today.

1Alexis de Toqueville: “Democracy in America”, pp.412–413, 1835.

2Miller Centre of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Multimedia Archive, First Speech to Congress (April 16, 1945)

3Address to the People, May 9th, 1945. On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1946

4Miller Centre of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Multimedia Archive. President Truman’s address to the U.N. San Francisco: April 25th, 1945.

5“The Fifty Years War: the United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941–1991”, Richard Crockatt. Routledge, London, 1995. ISBN 0-415-13554-0. See page 87 for references to Stalin’s ambivalence towards a united Germany and the Eastern Bloc in the years before his death in 1953.

6“Airbridge to Berlin. The Berlin Crisis of 1948, its Origins and Aftermath” D.M. Giangreco and Robert E. Griffin, Presidion Press. USA. 1988. ISBN 0-89141-329-4

7For a discussion of William Fox’s notions of the peaceful use of power between “superpowers” and the emergence of the USA and the USSR as the principal agents, see pages 12 to 15 “The Evolution of Theory in International Relations”. Robert Rothstein, Ed. University of South Carolina, 1992. ISBN 0-87249-862-X

8TranscriptofrecordedconversationincludingJFK,RFK, Johnson,Bundy andMacNamara. October 16th 1962 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset+Tree/Asset+Viewers/Audio+Video+Asset+Viewer. htm?guid= {16E3 A48F-B1EF-4447-8D97-C1F0006B3F29 } &type=Audio

9Cold War International History Project, Virtual Archive Telegram from Dobrynin to USSR MFA. October 24th, 1962. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409& fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=5034E27E-96B6-175C-9886707B7D50B CF8&sort= Col lection&item=Cuban%20Missile%2 °Crisis

10Cold War International History Project, Virtual Archive. Breshnev address to the СССР Politburo, June 8th, 1978. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2. document&identifier=5034F5A8-96B6-l 75C-9DD9D17B9F404E16&sort=Subject&item=detente

11Gorbachev Press Conference during his visit to West Germany. “New York Times”. June 16th, 1989. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/16/world/a-gorbachev-hint-for-berlin-wall.html

12See “New Evidence on the End of the Cold War”. V. M. Zubok. The Wilson Centre, http:// www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/New_Ev_EndCW.pdf

13December, 1991. The Public Purpose Library, http://www.publicpurpose.com/lib-gorb 911225.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Democracy in America”, Alexis de Toqueville, University Press, 1835.

“The Fifty Years War: the United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941–1991”, Richard Crockatt. Routledge, London, 1995. ISBN 0-415-13554-0.

“Airbridge to Berlin. The Berlin Crisis of 1948, its Origins and Aftermath” D.M. Giangreco and Robert E. Griffin, Presidion Press. USA. 1988. ISBN 0-89141-329-4

“The Evolution of Theory in International Relations”. Robert Rothstein, Ed. University of South Carolina, 1992. ISBN 0-87249-862-X

Андреев Сергей Викторович (Самара), СГАУ им С.П. Королёва, кафедра «Летательные аппараты».

Гончарова Наталья Васильевна (Санкт-Петербург), аспирант Государственного Русского музея.

Егорова Наталия Ивановна (Москва), доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник Института всеобщей истории РАН, руководитель Центра по изучению холодной войны.

Есаков Владимир Дмитриевич (Москва), доктор исторических наук, Институт российской истории РАН.

Захарченко Антон Юрьевич (Санкт-Петербург), Петербургский Союз Ученых.

Колмыков Антон Николаевич (Самара), Заместитель начальника экспертного учреждения ЦНЭАТ (судебная экспертиза).

Мухин Михаил Юрьевич (Москва), доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института Российской истории РАН.

Платошкин Николай Николаевич (Москва), кандидат исторических наук.

Подрепный Евгений Ильич (Нижний Новгород), кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры современной отечественной истории Нижегородского государственного университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского.

Пожаров Алексей Иванович (Москва), кандидат юридических наук, доцент, Общество по изучению истории отечественных спецслужб.