Daniel Gardner: The Science of Fear

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Epigraph

1 - Prehistoric Refugee

2 - Of Two Minds

3 - The Death of Homo economicus

4 - The Emotional Brain

5 - A Story About Numbers

6 - The Herd Senses Danger

7 - Fear Inc.

8 - All the Fear That’s Fit to Print

9 - Crime and Perception

10 - The Chemistry of Fear

11 - Terrified of Terrorism

12 - There’s Never Been a Better Time to Be Alive

Notes

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

Index

About the Author

DUTTON

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First printing, July 2008

Copyright © 2008 by Daniel Gardner

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1. Fear. I. Title.

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For Sandra

“Fear is implanted in us as a preservative from evil; but its duty, like that of the other passions, is not to overbear reason, but to assist it.”

—SAMUEL JOHNSON

Prologue: 1,595

Anyone who saw it will never forget it. And almost everyone saw it. When the first jet darted out of that crisp blue September sky and crashed into the World Trade Center, only a single television camera—on the street filming city officials doing some mundane task now long forgotten—captured the image. But as the tower burned, alerts flashed through wires and airwaves. The world’s electronic eyes turned, opened, and waited. When the second plane streaked in, an immense audience— perhaps hundreds of millions—saw the jet, the angry explosion, the gushing smoke, the glass and steel raining down like confetti in a parade. They saw it live. It was so clear, so intimate. It was like watching the whole awful spectacle through the living-room window.

Those who didn’t see the attack live soon would. In the frantic hours and days that followed, the images were repeated over and over and over. They were everywhere. From London to Moscow and Tokyo. From the peaks of the Andes to the forests of Madagascar and the Australian desert. In every city, region, and village within reach of modern communications media—almost the entire planet—people witnessed the tragedy. Never in the history of the species had there been such a communal experience.

Almost 3,000 people died. Hundreds of thousands lost family and friends. It was an enormous crime. And yet, the attacks of September 11 did not inflict personal loss on the overwhelming majority of Americans, much less the population of the world at large. On September 12, the rest of us had to go back to the daily routine of living. But things had changed. How could they not after what we had seen?

Some of the changes were small, or at least they seemed trivial next to what had happened. People stopped flying, for one. When commercial air travel resumed several days after the attacks, the planes taking off were almost empty.

A big reason was those images. They were so visceral. Sure, there are lots of flights every day and the chances of being on one that gets hijacked and slammed into an office tower may be tiny. But that didn’t seem to matter. Airports were unnerving. Flying felt strange and dangerous.

We all got to know the victims’ families in the weeks and months after the attack. The media were filled with interviews, profiles, and terrible stories of loss, making the shocking event even more deeply personal. And there was so much talk of worse to come. Politicians, pundits, and experts talked about terrorism as if it were the Fifth Horseman of the Apocalypse. Death and destruction could come countless ways, we were warned: poison in town water supplies, planes crashing into nuclear reactors, genetically engineered smallpox virus unleashed in the subway, dirty bombs, suitcase nukes in the hold of some anonymous cargo ship.

Then came the news that several people had been killed by anthrax-infected mail. Anthrax. No one saw that coming. Months before, we were safe and prosperous. Suddenly, we were butterflies in a gale. Grim-faced politicians advised everyone to pay attention to color-coded terror alerts. Stock up on emergency supplies. Don’t forget to buy duct tape so you can seal windows and doors against chemical or biological attacks. And while you’re at it, pray to God almighty that we might see the next day’s dawn.

It was an unreal, frightening time, and it was predictable that people would flee the airports. Perhaps surprisingly, though, they didn’t start digging backyard bomb shelters. Instead, most went to work and carried on living. They just didn’t fly. They drove instead.

Politicians worried what the mass exodus of Americans from planes to cars would do to the airline industry, so a bailout was put together. But no one talked about the surge in car travel. Why would they? It was trivia. There were deadly threats to worry about.

But what no politician mentioned is that air travel is safer than driving. Dramatically safer—so much so that the most dangerous part of a typical commercial flight is the drive to the airport.

The safety gap is so large, in fact, that planes would still be safer than cars even if the threat of terrorism were unimaginably worse than it actually is: An American professor calculated that even if terrorists were hijacking and crashing one passenger jet a week in the United States, a person who took one flight a month for a year would have only a 1-in-135,000 chance of being killed in a hijacking—a trivial risk compared to the annual 1-in- 6,000 odds of being killed in a car crash.