Валерий Энгель - Xenophobia, radicalism and hate crime in Europe 2015

British, German, and Italian law enforcements were following similar policies in 2015, albeit not as strict.

These measures have sometimes impacted law-abiding citizens. Human rights observers note that most cases are related to national or religious minorities that were suspected of links to the so-called Islamic State (ISIS). One of the most notable cases occurred in the United Kingdom, which had recently adopted a 2015 Counter Terrorism and Security Act that places a statutory duty on schools and colleges to prevent people being drawn into terrorism. [52] http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2014-2015/0127/en/15127en.htm There, a 10-year-old Muslim boy who misspelled a word during an English lesson, wrote that he lived in a “terrorist house.” The primary school pupil meant to write that he lived in a “terraced house”, but this did not stop the police carrying out a thorough search of the house and examining the family computer. Both police and social services had carried out extensive interviews with the boy to establish whether or not his family has any ties with extremist organisations. [53] http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/01/20/muslim-child-terrorist-house-spelling-error_n_9025336.html Another Muslim schoolboy was questioned about Islamic State after the 14-year-old used the term “ecoterrorism” during a classroom discussion about environmental activism. [54] https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/sep/22/school-questioned-muslim-pupil-about-isis-after-discussion-on-eco-activism In another ironic incident, Muslim postgraduate student of counter-terrorism, Mohammed Umar Farooq, was falsely accused of being a terrorist after an official at Staffordshire University had spotted him reading a textbook entitled Terrorism Studies in the college library. According to his own accounts, he was questioned about attitudes towards homosexuality, Islamic State, and al-Qaida. [55] https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/sep/24/student-accused-being-terrorist-reading-book-terrorism

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http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm

https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2015/kw12_de_nsu/364372

Italy is the only country under review that, over the past 10 years, has reduced the punishment for hate crime from 3 to 1.5 years, setting the maximum fine of 6,000 euros for racial discrimination or hate speech (Law N 85/2006).

http://cm.greekhelsinki.gr/index.php?sec=194&cid=3834

Official title: Law “On introducing amendments to Article 148 of the Russian Criminal Code and several legislative acts in order to combat insults of religious beliefs and feelings of citizens”.

http://www.rg.ru/2013/06/30/zashita-site-dok.html

https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000026809719&categorieLien=id

https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000029754374&categorieLien=id

Loi n° 2015-912 du 24 juillet 2015 relative au renseignement , https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030931899&categorieLien=id

Décision n° 2015-713 DC du 23 juillet 2015 – Loi relative au renseignement, http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/les-decisions/acces-par-date/decisions-depuis-1959/2015/2015-713-dc/communique-de-presse.144139.html

http://statewatch.org/news/2015/jul/germany-terror-laws.html

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2014-2015/0127/en/15127en.htm

http://www.nctv.nl/onderwerpen/tb/actieprogramma-integrale-aanpak-jihadisme/

http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/ru/Q7t146BkLNBDUXEsAPvOdb44JdrQPQPt.pdf

http://base.garant.ru/71001234/#ixzz3iUYmRMdT

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-registers-sharp-increase-in-attacks-on-asylumseekers-a-1045207.html

https://www.hrw.org/ru/world-report/2016/country-chapters/286136#383e61

http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/49417

http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2015/october/immigration-bill-commons-second-reading/

http://www.migrantsrights.org.uk/blog/2015/09/immigration-bill-2015-what-you-need-know

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/17/unemployed-young-people-work-boot-camp-tory-minister

http://www.irr.org.uk/news/workfare-and-the-legacy-of-structural-racism/

Loi 7 mars 2016 relative au droit des étrangers en France,

http://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/Immigration/Loi-du-7-mars-2016-relative-au-droit-des-etrangers-en-France. For English language report about the initial proposals, see: „New French law aims to boost foreigners’ rights”, The Local, 20 July 2015, http://www.thelocal.fr/20150720/france-foreigners-rights-visas-immigration-new-law and France: National Assembly Adopts Immigration Bill, 9 September 2015 ,

http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-national-assembly-adopts-immigration-bill/.

http://grreporter.info/en/greece_grants_citizenship_100000_children_immigrants/12824

https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/10/13/news/legge_cittadinanza_senato-124967907

http://www.ncbopleidingen.nl/cursusnederlands/nieuwe-regels-voor-inburgeringsexamen-of-staatsexamen-nt2

http://administracja.mac.gov.pl/adm/baza-jst/843,Samorzad-terytorialny-w-Polsce.html

See: President’s veto, Druk nr 3999, October 26, 2015, http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/Druki7ka.nsf/0/0489813F186FFD08C1257EEE00319 °C2/%24File/3999.pdf

https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2015/kw12_de_nsu/364372;http://www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/aktuelles/20150407_Rechtsgutachten_Hasskriminalitaet.pdf;jsessionid=388532642DBE44BD106E5531442542A8.2_cid340?__blob=publicationFile&v=1

http://rvrn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Report_2015eng.pdf

http://rvrn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Report_2015eng.pdf