Тони Харман - Эффект микробиома. Как способ рождения ребенка влияет на его будущее здоровье

78 Yong, E (2013). ‘Newborn immune systems suppressed’, The Scientist, 6 November, www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38187/title/Newborn-Immune-Systems-Suppressed/

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79 We made a documentary film called Freedom For Birth in 2012 (freedomforbirth.com) looking at the implications of a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that every mother has the human right to decide the circumstances of her birth. Case of Ternovszky v. Hungary. ECHR, 14 December 2010, application no.67545/09

80 Science Museum, ‘What did the Human Genome Project find? How many genes do you have?’ www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourgenes/whatwasthehumangenomeproject/whatdidthehumangenomeprojectfind

81 Feil, R., and Fraga, M.F. (2012), Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications’, Nature Reviews Genetics Vol.13, pp.97–109, www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v13/n2/full/nrg3142.html

82 Thomson, H. (2014), ‘“Epigenetic” gene tweaks seem to trigger cancer’, New Scientist Daily News, 25 July, www.newscientist.com/article/dn25959-epigenetic-gene-tweaks-seem-to-trigger-cancer

83 McKie, R. (2013), ‘Why do identical twins end up having such different lives?’, The Observer, 2 June, www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/02/twins-identical-genes-different-health-study

84 Duhl, D., Vrieling, H., Miller, K.A., Wolff, G.L., and Barsh, G.S. (1994), ‘Neomorphic agouti mutations in obese yellow mice’, Nature Genetics Vol. 8(1), pp59–65, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7987393

85 Adams, J. (2008), ‘Obesity, epigenetics, and gene regulation’, Nature Education, Vol. 1(1), p.128 www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927

86 The EPIIC International Research Group was founded by Professors Soo Downe from the University of Central Lancashire, Holly Powell-Kennedy from Yale University and Professor Hannah Dahlen from Western Sydney University

87 Dahlen, H.G., Kennedy, H.P., Anderson, C.M., Bell, A.F., Clark, A., Fourer, M., et al. (2013), Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 80(5), pp.656–62, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414680

88 Almgren, M., Schlinzig T, Gomez-Cabrero, D., Gunnar, A., Sundin, M., Johansson, S., et al. (2014),‘Cesarean delivery and hematopoietic stem cell epigenetics in the newborn infant: implications for future health?’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 211(5), pp.502. e1–502.e8, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24996659

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89 Hillman, N., Kallapur, S. G., and Jobe, A. (2012). ‘Physiology of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life’, Clinics in Perinatology, Vol. 39(4), pp.769–83, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3504352

90 Blustein J., Liu, J. (2015), ‘Time to consider the risks of caesarean delivery for long term child health’, BMJ, Vol. 350: h2410. www.bmj. com/content/350/bmj.h2410. For a lay summary see: Kraft, A. (2015), ‘C-section births linked to long-term child health problems’, CBS News, 11 June, www.cbsnews.com/news/c-section-cesarean-births-child-health-problems-asthma-obesity-diabetes

91 Black, M., Bhattacharya, S., Philip, S., Norman, J.E., and McLernon, D.J. (2015), ‘Planned cesarean delivery at term and adverse outcomes in childhood health’, Journal of the American Medical Association 2015;314(21):2271–79. For a layman’s summary see: Rabin, R. (2015), ‘C-sections are best with a little labor, a study says’, The New York Times, 14 December, well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/14/c-sections-are-best-with-a-little-labor-a-study-says/

92 Sevelsted, A., Stokholm, J., Bo ⁄nnelykke, K., and Bisgaard, H. (2014), ‘Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders pediatrics’, Pediatrics, Vol. 135(1), pp.e92–8 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452656. For a layman’s summary see: Ringgaard, A. (2014), ‘Giant study links C-sections with chronic disorders’, ScienceNordic, 9 December, sciencenordic.com/giant-study-links-c-sections-chronic-disorders

93 Huang, L., Chen, Q., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Fang, F., and Bao, Y (2015). ‘Is elective caesarean section associated with a higher risk of asthma? A meta-analyses’, Journal of Asthma, Vol. 52(1), pp.16–25, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162303

94 Cardwell, C.R., Stene, L.C., Joner, G., Cinek, O., Svensson, J., Goldacre, M.J., Parslow, R.C. et al (2008), ‘Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies’, Diabetologia, Vol. 51(5), pp726–35. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-008-0941-z

95 Darmasseelane, K., Hyde, M.J., Santhakumaran, S., Gale, C., and Modi, N. (2014) ‘Mode of Delivery and Offspring Body Mass Index, Overweight and Obesity in Adult Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’, PLoS ONE 9(2): e87896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087896; journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0087896

96 Research in Germany published in 2010 found 28 % of coeliac children were born by C-section compared with a maximum C-section rate of 19 % in all the other groups. Decker, E., Engelmann, G., Findeisen, A., Gerner, P., Laass, M., Ney, D., et al. (2010), ‘Cesarean delivery is associated with celiac disease but not inflammatory bowel disease in children’, Pediatrics, Vol, 125(6), pp.e1433–40, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478942

97 Asthma UK, ‘Asthma and other conditions’, www.asthma.org.uk/advice/manage-your-asthma/other-conditions

98 Santillan, A.A, Camargo, C.A. Jr, Colditz, G.A. (2003), ‘A meta-analysis of asthma and risk of lung cancer (United States)’, Cancer Causes Control Vol. 14(4), pp.327–34, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12846363

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99 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘CDC global noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)’, www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ healthprotection/ncd

100 World Health Organization (2015), ‘Fact sheet: noncommunicable diseases’, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en

101 United Nations. 2011 high level meeting on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, www.un.org/en/ga/ncdmeeting2011

102 World Economic Forum (2011), ‘The global economic burden of non- communicable diseases’, 18 September, www.weforum.org/reports/global- economic-burden-non-communicable-diseases

103 Reuters article www.reuters.com/article/us-disease-chronic-costs- idUSTRE78H2IY20110918 based on World Economic Forum (2011), ‘The global economic burden of non-communicable diseases’, 18 September, www.weforum.org/reports/global-economic-burden-non-communicable-diseases

104 World Health Organization (2005), ‘World Health Assembly adopts new international health regulations: new rules govern national and international response to disease outbreaks’ (press release), 23 May, www. who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr_wha03/en

105 Davies, S.E. (2013), ‘National security and pandemics’ UN Chronicle Vol. L(2), August, unchronicle.un.org/article/national-security-and- pandemics/

106 Shabecoff, P. (1988), Global warming has begun, expert tells senate, The New York Times, 24 June, www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html

107 Goldberg, S. (2015), ‘US Senate refuses to accept humanity’s role in global climate change, again’, The Guardian, 22 January, www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/22/us-senate-man-climate-change-global-warming-hoax