Elizabeth Tynan - Atomic Thunder - The Maralinga Story

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In September 2016 it will be 60 years since the first British mushroom cloud rose above the plain at Maralinga in South Australia. The atomic weapons test series wreaked havoc on Indigenous communities and turned the land into a radioactive wasteland.
In 1950 Australian prime minister Robert Menzies blithely agreed to atomic tests that offered no benefit to Australia and relinquished control over them – and left the public completely in the dark. This book reveals the devastating consequences of that decision. After earlier tests at Monte Bello and Emu Field, in 1956 Australia dutifully provided 3200 square kilometres of South Australian desert to the British Government, along with logistics and personnel.
How could a democracy such as Australia host another country’s nuclear program in the midst of the Cold War? In this meticulously researched and shocking work, journalist and academic Elizabeth Tynan reveals how Australia allowed itself to be duped. Maralinga was born in secret atomic business, and has continued to be shrouded in mystery decades after the atomic thunder stopped rolling across the South Australian test site. This book is the most comprehensive account of the whole saga, from the time that the explosive potential of splitting uranium atoms was discovered, to the uncovering of the extensive secrecy around the British tests in Australia many years after the British had departed, leaving an unholy mess behind. cite – Phillip Adams

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Staff Correspondent, ‘Public safety and the Woomera tests’, SMH , 9 October 1953, p. 2.

Staff Correspondent, ‘Long-range risks in atomic tests?’, SMH , 10 October 1953, p. 2.

‘The atom’s challenge to humanity’, SMH , 16 October 1953, p. 2.

A ‘Herald’ Special Reporter who watched the atomic explosion on the Woomera Range from 15 miles away, ‘Atom explosion success: dawn blast at Woomera’, SMH , 16 October 1953, p. 1.

‘Months of hard, lonely work paved way for atomic explosion’, SMH , 16 October 1953, p. 4.

Special Correspondent in London, ‘How an atomic bomb explodes’, SMH , 16 October 1953, p. 2.

‘Other “minor” tests’, SMH , 28 October 1953, p. 1.

‘Second A-blast successful: trial series ends’, SMH , 28 October 1953, p. 1.

Special Correspondent, ‘Australian atomic test site’, SMH , 17 May 1955, p. 2.

‘Labor opposes atomic tests’, Advertiser , 21 June 1956, clippings package, NAA: A6456, R058/006.

‘Threat to 3 towns’, Sun (Sydney), 21 June 1956, p. 1.

‘Misgivings over atomic tests’, The Age , 22 June 1956, clippings package, NAA: A5954, 2167/6.

‘Put method in atomic check’, Herald (Melbourne), 22 June 1956, clippings package, NAA: A5954, 2167/6.

‘Labor will stop weapons test’, Canberra Times , 25 June 1956, clippings package, NAA: A6456, R058/006.

Staff Correspondent, ‘Safety of A-weapon tests at Maralinga’, SMH , 28 June 1956, p. 2.

‘Latest on the bomb!’, Sun (Sydney), 25 September 1956, p. 1.

‘Freedom safeguard: more atomic tests’, Sun (Sydney), 11 October 1956, p. 40.

‘Reward for a good boy’, Sun-Herald , 19 January 1958, clipping in biographical file for Howard Beale, National Library of Australia.

‘Nuclear waste dump in SA: ex-RAAF man’, Advertiser , 3 December 1976, p. 1.

‘Nuclear dump “does exist” at Maralinga’, Advertiser , 4 December 1976, p. 3.

Defence Reporter, ‘Doubts cast on SA nuclear dump’, SMH , 11 February 1977, p. 3.

‘Nuclear waste could be stolen, govt told’, SMH , 5 October 1978, p. 1.

‘The usual four guard the plutonium’, SMH , 7 October 1978, p. 1.

‘Plutonium “unlikely”’, sidebar to Andrew Kruger, ‘Britain asked to take atomic waste’, SMH , 10 October 1978, p. 1.

‘Killen attacks Review report’, SMH , 12 October 1978, p. 9.

‘After Maralinga’ (editorial), Advertiser , 17 April 1980, p. 5.

Obituary for Lord Penney, The Times , 6 March 1991.

ABC News South Australia, 12 June 1993, various bulletins.

New Scientist editorial comment, 12 June 1993, p. 3.

Obituary for Maurice Timbs, The Australian , 22 December 1994.

‘Alan Nunn May, 91, pioneer in atomic spying for Soviets’, New York Times , 25 January 2003.

‘Spy’s deathbed confession: atom physicist tells how secrets given to Soviet Union’, Guardian , 27 January 2003.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF AUSTRALIA

NAA, series no. A816, Correspondence Files, Multiple Number Series [Classified 301], 1928–1962, particularly the following items:

3/301/539A, ‘Operation Hurricane’ Background Articles for Press etc, 1952.

10/301/128, Security of Defence Information – Confidential ‘D’ Notices to the Press – Main Policy File, 1947–1963.

10/301/129, Security of Defence Information – Confidential ‘D’ Notices to the Press – Australian ‘D’ Notices – File Number 1 (Covers D Notices 1 to 8), 1952–1955.

10/301/130, Security of Defence Information. Confidential ‘D’ Notices to the Press, 1947–1954.

10/301/131 & 10/301/132, Distribution of ‘D’ Notices by Secretary, Defence – Press and Broadcasting Committee, 1952.

NAA, series no. A1209, Correspondence Files, Annual Single Number Series [Classified] with Occasional C [Classified] Suffix, 1957–.

1957/5486, Security of Defence Information. ‘D’ Notices to the Press, 1950–1956.

NAA, series no. A5915, Whitlam Ministries – Cabinet Submissions, 1972–1975.

258, Proposed Australian Ionising Radiation Advisory Council – Decision 522, 1973.

NAA, series no. A5954, ‘The Shedden Collection’ [Records Collected by Sir Frederick Shedden during His Career with the Department of Defence and in Researching the History of Australian Defence Policy], Two Number Series, 1901–1971, particularly the following items:

1594/2, Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee, 1937–1971.

1956/6, Security of Defence Information – Confidential ‘D’ Notices to the Press, 1947–1952.

2167/6, Atomic Tests – United Kingdom Tests at Monte Bello Island – May 1956. Maralinga – September 1956 [Newspaper Clippings], 1956.

NAA, series no. A6448, Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s – Transcripts of Proceedings, 1984–1985.

NAA, series no. A6449, Statements Received from United Kingdom Witnesses by the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s, 1985.

NAA, series no. A6450, Statements Received from Australian Witnesses by the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s, 1984–1985.

NAA, series no. A6454, ‘Z Series’ – [British] Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Reports, Single Number Series with Z or ZB Prefix, 1949–1985, particularly the following items:

Z5A, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Report No T1/54 – Operation Hurricane Director’s Report – Scientific Data Obtained at Operation Hurricane – November 1954, Copy 36, 1954.

ZB29, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment AWRE Report No T4/61 – Operation Vixen B1 [Sanitized Photocopy – Extracts of Introduction by DJ Collyer, NS (Nuclear Safety) Group Report by Major J McLean, DC (?Decontamination) Group Report by AE Oldbury], 1961.

NAA, series no. A6455, Exhibits Tendered before the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960, 1954–1985, particularly the following items:

RC371, Maralinga Experimental Programme [MEP] – Safety Statements for the Years 1959–62 and 1963 (Document 30–34 of Statement) – Presented 4/3/85 at London by Schofield, A, 1985.

RC386, Four Documents re Minor Trials – Maralinga Minor Trials in Relation to a Ban on Nuclear Testing – Letter Brooking, P to Sir W Cook re Minor Trials – Letter Brooking to AWRE re Minor Trials – Letter ADD/AWRE to Director re Minor Trials – Presented 6/3/85 at London by Pearce, N, 1985.

RC596, Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia – File of Press Releases Presented to the Royal Commission in Sydney 1985, 1956–1957.

NAA, series no. A6456, Original Agency Records Transferred to the Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s, ‘R’ Series, 1952–1985, particularly the following items:

R021/001 PART 36, Department of Air – Statement by Mr Churchill in House of Commons on Monte Bello Atomic Test – [Letter Concerning Security of Information Regarding Atomic Test] – Substance of Communication Dated 18 October 1952 from High Commissioner for the United Kingdom, Canberra, 1952.

R023/003, Attorney-General’s Department – [Draft of Publication] British Atomic Tests in Australia – Chronology of Events – 1950–1968 – Dr JL Symonds, 1984–1985.

R029/249, [Department of Supply] – Press Presentations at First Buffalo Test, Maralinga – Antler, 1957, 1956–1986.

R030/074 & R030/075, [Department of Supply] Maralinga Press and Publicity, 1956–1984.

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