Theodor Mommsen - The History of Rome. Book III

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The History of Rome by Theodor Mommsen, translated by William Purdie Dickson

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27.III. XIII. Religious Economy.

28.Livy (xxi. 63; comp. Cic. Verr. v. 18, 45) mentions only the enactment as to the sea-going vessels; but Asconius (in Or. in toga cand. p. 94, Orell.) and Dio. (lv. 10, 5) state that the senator was also forbidden by law to undertake state-contracts ( redemptiones ); and, as according to Livy "all speculation was considered unseemly for a senator", the Claudian law probably reached further than he states.

29.Cato, like every other Roman, invested a part of his means in the breeding of cattle, and in commercial and other undertakings. But it was not his habit directly to violate the laws; he neither speculated in state-leases - which as a senator he was not allowed to do - nor practised usury. It is an injustice to charge him with a practice in the latter respect at variance with his theory; the fenus nauticum , in which he certainly engaged, was not a branch of usury prohibited by the law; it really formed an essential part of the business of chartering and freighting vessels.

CHAPTER XIII

Faith and Manners

1.That Asiagenus was the original title of the hero of Magnesia and of his descendants, is established by coins and inscriptions; the fact that the Capitoline Fasti call him Asiaticus is one of several traces indicating that these have undergone a non-contemporary revision. The former surname can only he a corruption of Asiagenus - the form which later authors substituted for it - which signifies not the conqueror of Asia, but an Asiatic by birth.

2.II. VIII. Religion.

3.[In the first edition of this translation I gave these lines in English on the basis of Dr. Mommsen's German version, and added in a note that I had not been able to find the original. Several scholars whom I consulted were not more successful; and Dr. Mommsen was at the time absent from Berlin. Shortly after the first edition appeared, I received a note from Sir George Cornewall Lewis informing me that I should find them taken from Florus (or Floridus) in Wernsdorf, Poetae Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. 487. They were accordingly given in the revised edition of 1868 from the Latin text Baehrens (Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iv. p. 347) follows Lucian Muller in reading offucia . - TR.]

4.A sort of parabasis in the Curculio of Plautus describes what went on in the market-place of the capital, with little humour perhaps, but with life-like distinctness.

Conmonstrabo, quo in quemque hominem facile inveniatis loco,
Ne nimio opere sumat operam, si quis conventum velit
Vel vitiosum vel sine vitio, vel probum vel inprobum.
Qui perjurum convenire volt hominem, ito in comitium;
Qui mendacem et gloriosum, apud Cloacinae sacrum.
[Ditis damnosos maritos sub basilica quaerito.
Ibidem erunt scorta exoleta quique stipulari solent.]
Symbolarum conlatores apud forum piscarium.
In foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant;
In medio propter canalem ibi ostentatores meri.
Confidentes garrulique et malevoli supra lacum,
Qui alteri de nihilo audacter dicunt contumeliam
Et qui ipsi sat habent quod in se possit vere dicier.
Sub veteribus ibi sunt, qui dant quique accipiunt faenore.
Pone aedem Castoris ibi sunt, subito quibus credas male.
In Tusco vico ibi sunt homines, qui ipsi sese venditant.
In Velabro vel pistorem vel lanium vel haruspicem
Vel qui ipsi vorsant, vel qui aliis, ut vorsentur, praebeant.
Ditis damnosos maritos apud Leucadiam Oppiam.

The verses in brackets are a subsequent addition, inserted after the building of the first Roman bazaar (570). The business of the baker ( pistor , literally miller) embraced at this time the sale of delicacies and the providing accommodation for revellers (Festus, Ep. v. alicariae, p. 7, Mull.; Plautus, Capt. 160; Poen. i. a, 54; Trin. 407). The same was the case with the butchers. Leucadia Oppia may have kept a house of bad fame.

5.II. IX. The Roman National Festival.

6.III. XIII. Religious Economy.

CHAPTER XIV

Literature and Art

1.A distinct set of Greek expressions, such as stratioticus , machaera , nauclerus , trapezita , danista , drapeta , oenopolium , bolus , malacus , morus , graphicus , logus , apologus , techna , schema , forms quite a special feature in the language of Plautus. Translations are seldom attached, and that only in the case of words not embraced in the circle of ideas to which those which we have cited belong; for instance, in the Truculentus - in a verse, however, that is perhaps a later addition (i. 1, 60) - we find the explanation: phronesis est sapientia . Fragments of Greek also are common, as in the Casina , (iii. 6, 9): Pragmata moi parecheis - Dabo mega kakon , ut opinor . Greek puns likewise occur, as in the Bacchides (240): opus est chryso Chrysalo . Ennius in the same way takes for granted that the etymological meaning of Alexandros and Andromache is known to the spectators (Varro, de L. L. vii. 82). Most characteristic of all are the half-Greek formations, such as ferritribax , plagipatida , pugilice , or in the Miles Gloriosus (213): Fuge! euscheme hercle astitit sic dulice et comoedice!

2.III. VIII. Greece Free.

3.One of these epigrams composed in the name of Flamininus runs thus:

Zenos io kraipnaisi gegathotes ipposunaisi
Kouroi, io Spartas Tundaridai basileis,
Aineadas Titos ummin upertatos opase doron
Ellenon teuxas paisin eleutherian.

4.Such, e. g, was Chilo, the slave of Cato the Elder, who earned money en bis master's behalf as a teacher of children (Plutarch, Cato Mai. 20).

5.II. IX. Ballad-Singers.

6.The later rule, by which the freedman necessarily bore the -praenomen- of his patron, was not yet applied in republican Rome.

7.II. VII. Capture of Tarentum.

8.III. VI. Battle of Sena.

9.One of the tragedies of Livius presented the line

Quem ego nefrendem alui Iacteam immulgens opem.

The verses of Homer (Odyssey, xii. 16):

oud ara Kirken
ex Aideo elthontes elethomen, alla mal oka
elth entunamene ama d amphipoloi pheron aute
siton kai krea polla kai aithopa oinon eruthron.

are thus interpreted:

Topper citi ad aedis - venimus Circae
Simul duona coram(?) - portant ad navis,
Milia dlia in isdem - inserinuntur.

The most remarkable feature is not so much the barbarism as the thoughtlessness of the translator, who, instead of sending Circe to Ulysses, sends Ulysses to Circe. Another still more ridiculous mistake is the translation of aidoioisin edoka (Odyss. xv. 373) by lusi (Festus, Ep. v. affatim, p. ii, Muller). Such traits are not in a historical point of view matters of difference; we recognize in them the stage of intellectual culture which irked these earliest Roman verse-making schoolmasters, and we at the same time perceive that, although Andronicus was born in Tarentum, Greek cannot have been properly his mother-tongue.

10.Such a building was, no doubt, constructed for the Apollinarian games in the Flaminian circus in 575 (Liv. xl. 51; Becker, Top. p. 605); but it was probably soon afterwards pulled down again (Tertull. de Spect. 10).

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