Питер Франкопан - The First Crusade - The Call from the East

1. Robert the Monk, I.5, p. 83. • 2. Albert of Aachen, I.2, pp. 2–4; Guibert of Nogent, II, p. 121. • 3. William of Tyre, I.3, 1, p. 108; Albert of Aachen, I.2–3, p. 4; Anna Komnene, X.5, p. 275. For Peter the Hermit, see J. Flori, Pierre l’Eremite et la Première Croisade (Paris, 1999). • 4. Albert of Aachen, I.3, pp. 4–6; Guibert of Nogent, II.8, p. 142. • 5. For example, J. Flori, ‘Faut-il réhabiliter Pierre l’Eremite’, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 38 (1995), pp. 35–54. • 6. Albert of Aachen, I.26–8, pp. 50–2. See B. Kedar, ‘Crusade Historians and the Massacres of 1096’, Jewish History 12 (1998), pp. 11–31; R. Chazan, God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley, 2000) and also id., ‘“Let Not a Remnant or a Residue Escape”: Millenarian Enthusiasm in the First Crusade’, Speculum 84 (2009), pp. 289–313. Also here see M. Gabriele, ‘Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade’, in M. Frassetto (ed.), Christian Attitudes towards the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Casebook (Abingdon, 2007), pp. 61–82. • 7. Albert of Aachen, I.26–7, pp. 50–2. Also Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson , tr. S. Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders (Madison, 1977), pp. 28ff. • 8. Solomon bar Simson , pp. 24–5. • 9. For example, Siegebert of Gembloux, in MGH , SS , 6, p. 367; Richard of Poitiers, Cruce signato , in M. Bouquet et al. (eds.), Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , 24 vols. (Paris, 1737–1904), 12, p. 411. • 10. Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon Virdunensi , in Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , 13, p. 623. For many other examples here, N. Golb, The Jews in Medieval Normandy (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 119–27. • 11. Guibert of Nogent, II.9, p. 123. • 12. Anna Komnene, X.5, p. 274. • 13. Albert of Aachen, I.29, p. 54. • 14. Albert of Aachen, I.6, pp. 10–12, and Orderic Vitalis, IX.4, 5, p. 30. • 15. Albert of Aachen, I.9, p. 18. • 16. Anna Komnene, X.5, pp. 275–6; John Zonaras, XVIII.23, 3, p. 742. • 17. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 3. • 18. Anna Komnene, X.6, p. 277. • 19. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 3; Robert the Monk, I.7, p. 85. • 20. Gesta Francorum , I, pp. 3–4. • 21. Albert of Aachen, I.21, p. 42. • 22. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 4. • 23. Robert the Monk, I.9, p. 86. • 24. Gesta Francorum , I, pp. 4–5; Robert the Monk, I.12, p. 87. • 25. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 4; Anna Komnene, X.6, p. 278. • 26. Anna Komnene, X.6, p. 279. • 27. Guibert of Nogent, II.10, p. 124. • 28. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 5. For the importance of the first accounts of the Crusade, and of the Gesta Francorum in particular in early twelfth-century Europe, see J. France, ‘The Anonymous Gesta Francorum and the Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers and the Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere of Peter Tudebode: An analysis of the textual relationship between primary sources for the First Crusade’, in J. France and W. Zajac (eds.), The Crusades and their Sources. Essays presented to Bernard Hamilton (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 39–69, and also Rubenstein, ‘What is the Gesta Francorum ?’, pp. 179–204. • 29. Anna Komnene, X.7, p. 279. • 30. Ibid., p. 280. • 31. Ibid. • 32. Anna Komnene, X.8, p. 281. • 33. Fulcher of Chartres, I.6, p. 72; Anna Komnene, X.7, pp. 279–80. • 34. Albert of Aachen, II.7, pp. 70–2. • 35. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae , p. 143; C. de Coussemaker, ‘Documents relatifs à la Flandre maritime. Extraits du cartulaire de l’abbaye de Watten’, Annales du comité flamand de France , 10 vols. (Paris, 1860), 5, p. 359. • 36. Fulcher of Chartres, I.8.i–ix, pp. 76–8. • 37. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 11; Albert of Aachen, II.18, p. 88; Historia Belli Sacri , RHC, Occ ., 3, p. 177. • 38. Anna Komnene, X.8, pp. 281–4. • 39. Raymond of Aguilers, II, p. 21. • 40. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 10. • 41. Gesta Francorum , I, p. 8. • 42. Nesbitt, ‘Rate of march’, pp. 167–82. • 43. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 10. • 44. Raymond of Aguilers, I, p. 18; J. Shepard, ‘“Father” or “Scorpion”? Style and substance in Alexios’ diplomacy’, in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.), Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 80–2. • 45. Anna Komnene, X.9, p. 285. • 46. Ibid. • 47. Anna Komnene, X.7, p. 280; X.11, p. 292; Gesta Francorum , I, pp. 5–6; II, p. 11. • 48. Raymond of Aguilers, II, p. 22. • 49. Barber and Bate, Letters , p. 16. • 50. Ibid., pp. 15–16. • 51. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.iii, p. 80. • 52. Ralph of Caen, 18, p. 42. • 53. De Cerimoniis , II.15, 2, p. 597. • 54. P. Chiesa (ed.), Liudprandi Cremonensis. Antapodosis; Homelia paschalis; Historia Ottonis; Relatio de Legatione Constantinopolitana (Turnhout, 1997), Relatio , I.1, pp. 238–9. • 55. Ibid., Antapodosis ,VI.5, pp. 197–8. • 56. Anna Komnene, X.10, pp. 291– 2. For Alexios’ methods, Shepard, ‘“Father” or “Scorpion”?’, pp. 60–132. • 57. Anna Komnene, XIII.10, pp. 383–4. • 58. Anna Komnene, X.11, p. 292. • 59. Ibid., pp. 292–3. • 60. Ibid., p. 293. • 61. Ibid., pp. 293–4. • 62. Barber and Bate, Letters , pp. 15–16. • 63. Albert of Aachen, II.17, p. 86. • 64. Anna Komnene, XIV.4, p. 411. • 65. Anna Komnene, X.9, pp. 285–6. • 66. Robert the Monk, II.9, p. 94; Albert of Aachen, II.12–14, pp. 78–82; Anna Komnene, X.9, pp. 286–8. • 67. Albert of Aachen, I.12, p. 78. • 68. Albert of Aachen, II.12, p. 78. • 69. Albert of Aachen, II.16, p. 84. • 70. Ibid. • 71. Ibid., pp. 84–6. • 72. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.iii, p. 80. • 73. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 12. • 74. Fulcher of Chartres, I.8.ix, p. 78. • 75. Anna Komnene, X.9, p. 285. • 76. Michael the Syrian, XV.6, 3, p. 179. • 77. Anna Komnene, X.9, pp. 285–6. • 78. Albert of Aachen, II.10, p. 74. • 79. Anna Komnene, X.9, p. 285. • 80. Ekkehard of Aura, pp. 166–7. • 81. Albert of Aachen, II.16, pp. 84–6. Also see here, E. Patlagean, ‘Christianisation et parentés rituelles: le domaine de Byzance’, Annales ESC 33 (1978), pp. 625–36; R. Macrides, ‘Kinship by arrangement: The case of adoption’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44 (1990), pp. 109–18. • 82. S. Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted (Oxford, 1994). • 83. Anna Komnene, XIII.12, p. 386. For the oaths, see J. Pryor, ‘The oath of the leaders of the Crusade to the emperor Alexius Comnenus: Fealty, homage’, Parergon New Series 2 (1984), pp. 111–41. • 84. Gesta Francorum , II, pp. 11–12. • 85. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.iii, p. 80. • 86. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 12. • 87. Anna Komnene, X.11, pp. 294–5. • 88. J. Shepard, ‘When Greek meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemund in 1097–8’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 12 (1988), pp. 185–277. • 89. Anna Komnene, X.9, p. 289. • 90. Raymond of Aguilers, II, p. 23. • 91. Ibid., p. 24. Also Gesta Francorum , II, p. 13. • 92. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 12. • 93. Raymond of Aguilers, II, p. 24. • 94. Anna Komnene, X.9, p. 289. • 95. Ibn a-Qalanisi, AH 490/Dec. 1096–Dec. 1097, p. 43 • 96. Ibn al-Athir, AH 491/Dec. 1096–Dec. 1097, p. 14. • 97. Gesta Francorum , II, p. 11. • 98. Anna Komnene, XI.2, p. 300.