Yuval Harari - Homo Deus - A Brief History of Tomorrow

8 The Time Bomb in the Laboratory

1. For a detailed discussion see Michael S. Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (New York: Ecco, 2011).

2. Chun Siong Soon et al., ‘Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain’, Nature Neuroscience 11:5 (2008), 543–5. See also Daniel Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985), 529–66.

3. Sanjiv K. Talwar et al., ‘Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control’, Nature 417:6884 (2002), 37–8; Ben Harder, ‘Scientists “Drive” Rats by Remote Control’, National Geographic , 1 May 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/0501_020501_ roborats.html; Tom Clarke, ‘Here Come the Ratbots: Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents’, Nature , 2 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news020429-9.html; Duncan Graham-Rowe, ‘“Robo-rat” Controlled by Brain Electrodes’, New Scientist , 1 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237-roborat-controlled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ.

4. http://f usion.net/story/204316/dar pa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiers-brains/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5758018/darpa-teams-begin-work-on-tiny-brain-implant-to-treat-ptsd.

5. Smadar Reisfeld, ‘Outside of the Cuckoo’s Nest’, Haaretz , 6 March 2015.

6. Dan Hurley, ‘US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ’, Newsweek , 5 March 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/us-military-leads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html, accessed 9 January 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp; R. Andy McKinley et al., ‘Acceleration of Image Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation’, Behavioral Neuroscience 127:6 (2013), 936–46; Jeremy T. Nelson et al., ‘Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)’, NeuroImage 85 (2014), 909–17; Melissa Scheldrup et al., ‘Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilitates Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Differentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014); Oliver Burkeman, ‘Can I Increase my Brain Power?’, Guardian , 4 January 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increase-my-brain-power, accessed 9 January 2016; Heather Kelly, ‘Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain’, CNN, 23 October 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/, accessed 9 January 2016.

7. Sally Adee, ‘Zap Your Brain into the Zone: Fast Track to Pure Focus’, New Scientist , 6 February 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600-zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fast-track-to-pure-focus.html. See also: R. Douglas Fields, ‘Amping Up Brain Function: Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning’, Scientific American , 25 November 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function.

8. Sally Adee, ‘How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think’, The Week, 30 March 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-way-we-think/2.

9. E. Bianconi et al., ‘An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body’, Annals of Human Biology 40:6 (2013), 463–71.

10. Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (London: Picador, 1985), 73–5.

11. Joseph E. LeDoux, Donald H. Wilson and Michael S. Gazzaniga, ‘A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres’, Annals of Neurology 2:5 (1977), 417–21. See also: D. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization: A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes’, Archives of General Psychiatry 31:4 (1974), 572–83; R. W. Sperry, M. S. Gazzaniga and J. E. Bogen, ‘Interhemispheric Relationships: The Neocortical Commisures: Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection’, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology , ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1969), vol. 4.

12. Michael S. Gazzaniga, The Bisected Brain (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970); Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge? ; Carl Senior, Tamara Russell and Michael S. Gazzaniga, Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006); David Wolman, ‘The Split Brain: A Tale of Two Halves’, Nature 483 (14 March 2012), 260–3.

13. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization’, 573–4.

14. Sally P. Springer and Georg Deutsch, Left Brain, Right Brain, 3rd edn (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1989), 32–6.

15. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow , 377–410. See also Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge? , ch. 3.

16. Eran Chajut et al., ‘In Pain Thou Shalt Bring Forth Children: The Peak-and-End Rule in Recall of Labor Pain’, Psychological Science 25:12 (2014), 2266–71.

17. Ulla Waldenström, ‘Women’s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year after the Birth’, Birth 30:4 (2003), 248–54; Ulla Waldenström, ‘Why Do Some Women Change Their Opinion about Childbirth over Time?’, Birth 31:2 (2004), 102–7.

18. Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge? , ch. 3.

19. Jorge Luis Borges, Collected Fictions , trans. Andrew Hurley (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 308–9. For a Spanish version see: Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Un problema’, in Obras completas , vol. 3 (Buenos Aires: Emece Editores, 1968–9), 29–30.

20. Mark Thompson, The White War : Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919 (New York: Basic Books, 2009).

9 The Great Decoupling

1. F. M. Anderson (ed.), The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France: 1789–1907, 2nd edn (Minneapolis: H. W. Wilson, 1908), 184–5; Alan Forrest, ‘L’armée de l’an II: la levée en masse et la création d’un mythe républicain’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française 335 (2004), 111–30.

2. Morris Edmund Spears (ed.), World War Issues and Ideals: Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston and New York: Ginn and Company, 1918), 242. The most significant recent study, widely quoted by both proponents and opponents, attempts to prove that soldiers of democracy fight better: Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

3. Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 290. See also Susan R. Grayzel, Women and the First World War (Harlow: Longman, 2002), 101–6; Christine Bolt, The Women’s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790 s to the 1920 s (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 236–76; Birgitta Bader-Zaar, ‘Women’s Suffrage and War: World War I and Political Reform in a Comparative Perspective’, in Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship: International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms , ed. Irma Sulkunen, Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi and Pirjo Markkola (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 193–218.

4. Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, ‘Google’s Driverless Cars Run into Problem: Cars with Drivers’, New York Times , 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1; Shawn DuBravac, Digital Destiny: How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live and Communicate (Washington DC: Regnery Publishing, 2015), 127–56.