Anthony Everitt: The Rise of Rome

34 Matters came to a head The surviving accounts of the Scipionic trials are confused. I follow what I hope is a plausible narrative.

35 “The Roman People are not entitled” Polyb 23 14 3 (Suid).

36 He left instructions As always, there are different stories. But Livy visited a tomb with a statue of Scipio at Liternum. Although another statue was erected on the family mausoleum at Rome, this was probably a memorial. It seems most likely that Liternum was Scipio’s last resting place. Whom else could the tomb there have belonged to?

Livy and Polybius begin to fade. Plutarch’s lives of Cato and Aemilius Paulus are useful. We rely heavily on Appian for the fall of Carthage.

1 The Gorgeous East William Wordsworth, On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic .

2 “fetters of Greece” Polyb 18 11 5.

3 “Woe to you, oh land” Eccl 10:16. This Old Testament book may have been composed in about 200 B.C.

4 Consul and king met Livy 22 10, for the entire paragraph, including the consul’s retort.

5 The encounter took place in the open air Polyb 18 1–12. Also Livy 32 32–36. Other examples of similar conferences between enemies include the triumvirs’ negotiations in 43 B.C. on a river island near Bologna and Sextus Pompey’s encounter with Octavian and Mark Antony at Cape Misenum in 39 B.C.

6 “Flamininus has unshackled the foot” Plut Flam 10 2.

7 The Senate of Rome Polyb 18 46 5.

8 What had happened was so unexpected Ibid., 7.

9 Some ravens that happened to be flying Plut Flam 10 6.

10 “And I tell you that it is not the customs” App Syr 61.

11 I observed the powerful Heracles Hom Od 11 601–3.

12 The other gods are far away Ath 6 253 b-f. See Green, From Alexander to Actium , p. 55.

13 “If he wishes us to take no interest” Livy 34 58 2.

14 A small town off the beaten track Ibid., 38 39 10.

15 He produced a forged letter Ibid., 40 23 4–9. Livy was certain that it was a forgery, and there are no good grounds for thinking otherwise.

16 his final illness was psychological Ibid., 40 56 8–9.

17 “a kind of speaking tool” Var Rust 1 17 1.

18 Day and night they wear out their bodies Dio Sic 5 38 1.

19 “I know of a slave who dreamed” Art 1 78. Cited in Toner, p. 71. Artemidorus lived in the second century, but he used material from earlier writers and his examples do not appear to be time-sensitive.

20 The Little Carthaginian Plaut Poen. The play is officially set in Aetolia, in northwestern Greece; as ever with Plautus, one cannot avoid the feeling that the characters resemble everyday Romans.

21 opening speech in the Punic language It is not quite certain whether Hanno speaks in proper Carthaginian Punic, a lost language, or in a comedy pastiche.

22 They carefully observed the country App Pun Wars 69.

23 a large and appetizing Punic fig Plut Cat Maj 27 1.

24 “Ceterum censeo” This famous sentence appears in various forms in Plut Cat Ma 27 ( ), Pliny NH 15 74, Florus 1 31 4, Aur Vic Vir ill 47.8.

25 “This is Carthage” Plut Mar 200 11.

26 “It never pleases the Romans” Eutrop 4 16.

27 “just in case of emergencies” App Pun 74.

28 “You must make things right” and “You know perfectly well” Ibid., 75.

29 “well adapted for landing an army” Ibid.

30 Only he has wits Hom Od 10 495.

31 Scipio surveyed the scene App Pun 132. Appian says this comes from Polybius, who heard Scipio say it.

32 For in my heart and soul Homer, Il 6 448–49.

33 the day will come The day did indeed come. It was 24 August A.D. 410, when Alaric the Visigoth sacked Rome.

34 where Carthage once stood App Civ 1 24.

35 The Romans had behaved very badly This section is indebted to Miles, pp. 348–51.

36 lifted the entire episode from Naevius Macr 6 2 31.

37 “boys in frocks” Enn 8 270. Loeb reference numbers, for this and the following two citations. Skutsch, The Annals of Ennius , OUP; 1985.

38 “wicked haughty foes” Ibid., 282.

39 at last moderates her wrath Ibid., 293.

40 “Just as if we had nothing” Plut Cat Maj 9 2.

41 Greece was added to the province of Macedon Greece had to wait until the nineteenth century A.D. before it regained its full freedom.

42 “the kindest possible treatment” Dio Sic 32 4 4–5.

Appian, here admirably well informed, and Plutarch’s lives of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus are the chief sources.

1 “always had Greeks and literary men” Plut G Grac 19 2.

2 simplex munditiis Hor Car 1 5 5. “Casually chic” comes from James Michie’s translation. 346 Once, she was entertaining Val Max 4 4 praef.

3 Cornelia was his reward . The story of Cornelia’s marriage to Gracchus has echoes of her son’s and may be unreliable.

4 a curious anecdote Plut Tib Grac 1 2–3.

5 “Keep up the good work” Cit. Balsdon, Life and Leisure , p. 119 (Porphyrio and Ps) Acron on Hor Sat 1 2 31f.

6 Cornelia’s granddaughter See Balsdon, Roman Women , p. 48.

7 She had greater skill in lyre-playing Sall Cat 25 1–5.

8 “gentle and sedate” Plut Tib Grac 2 2.

9 still known as Scipio Aemilianus’s mother-in-law Ibid., 8 5.

10 a faint echo of the Caudine Forks It may be that the Caudine Forks story was rewritten in the light of this latest debacle.

11 “a constant source of grief” Cic Har 43.

12 “Wild beasts” Plut Tib Grac 9 4.

13 pay him from his own resources Ibid., 10 5.

14 “Do not throw into chaos” App Civ 1 12.

15 the assembly-place I assume that this was in front of the Temple of Jupiter. See Richardson fig. 19, p. 69.

16 “Be quiet, please, citizens” CAH 9, p. 60.

17 “Since the Consul betrays the state” Plut Tib Grac 19 3.

18 “I will give you a single example” Aul Gell 10 3 5.

19 “I am the only man in the army” Plut G Grac 2 5.

20 “However much you try to defer your destiny” Cic Div 1 26 56.

21 “Apart from those who killed Tiberius” Corn Nep Fragment. Scholarly opinion inclines toward the genuineness of the fragmentary letters.

22 Cornelia made representations Plut G Grac 4 1–2.

23 “closely attended by a throng” Ibid., 6 4.

24 I suppose you imagine CAH 9, p. 83.

25 a visit to Carthage This is a little odd, for tribunes were not meant to cross the city boundary. Perhaps Gaius received some kind of special dispensation.

26 helped him recruit bodyguards Plut G Grac 13 2.

27 Gaius’s head was cut off Ibid., 17 4.

28 The Senate reacted to the brothers rather like a general I am indebted for this admirable simile to Andrew Lintott, CAH 9, p. 85.

29 No sword was ever brought into the assembly App Civ 1 2.

30 “She had many friends” Plut G Grac 19 2.