Dennis Showalter: Tannenberg: Clash of Empires

Army, Russian: deployment, 25; and economy, 27; effectiveness, 62–63, 64–65 and possible Baltic invasion, 64; mobilization of, in 1914, 97–99 officer corps, 126, 134–35 doctrine, 126–27 strategic planning, 127–31 organization, 135; supply system, 215–16 communications, 216–17

Artamonov, Lt.-Gen., 233, 250, 252

Artillery, German: organization, 119–20 material, 119–20 communications, 176–77 tactics, 185

Artillery, Russian, 136, 151–60, 313

Austria-Hungary, foreign relations of, 20–21, 24, 36, 41, 54; new sick man of Europe, 75–76 and Serbia, 85–87 war plans, 143–44, 156–57 disaster of, in 1914, 326–27

Bakunin, Michael, 13

Balkan League, 48–51

Balkan Wars, 51–52, 56

Bartenwerfer, Capt., 287–88, 290

Bauer, Max, 330

Beck, Ludwig, 65

Below, Otto von, 108; commands I Reserve Corps, 188, 209–10 at Gumbinnen, 188–90 at Bischofsburg, 240–48 and advance on Allenstein, 265, 286–90, 298–99, 303–04; subsequent career, 349–50

Benecke, Capt., 271–73

Bennigsen, Adam, 147, 148, 160

Berchtold, Leopold von, 84, 86

Bernstein, Eduard, 16, 71

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von: and Britain, 46–47 and Russia, 46, 69; and Balkans, 56–57 and Concert of Europe, 58–59 and military budget of 1913, 70–71 and Austria, 75–76 and July Crisis, 88–94 and prospects for a separate Russian peace, 337–44

Bismarck, Otto von, 2, 10; Russian policies, 16, 20–22 and Lombardverbot, 23–24 and Reinsurance Treaty, 23; resignation of, 26

Blagoveschensky, Lt.-Gen., 243–47, 315–17

Bloch, I. S., 34

Bosnian Crisis, 36–42

Brecht, Maj.-Gen., 151, 296

Brusilov, Alexei, 64

Buchanan, Sir George, 77

Bülow, Bernhard von, 333; on Russia, 24–25, 29–30 and Weltpolitik, 29; and Bosnian crisis, 38–42

Bülow, Karl von, 67, 294

Cambon, Jules, 52

Caprivi, Leo von, 26, 32

Cavalry, German: doctrine, 151–52 at Gumbinnen, 180, 189, 210

Cavalry, Russian: organization, 136; doctrine, 146–48 and reconnaissance, 217

Congress of Berlin, 16

Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, 45, 67–68, 84, 327, 339

Conta, Richard von, 162–66, 174, 176, 234–37, 250–55, 279–80, 304–06

Crown Council (1912), 55

Danilov, Yuri, 129

De moribus Ruthenorum (Hehn), 17

Drechsel, Maj., 296

Durnovo, Pavel, 78

East Prussia: strategic geography of, 32–33, 145–46 ethnic tensions in, 106–07; Russian behavior in, 159–60

Einem, Karl von, 61

Elze, Walter, 240–41

Fabeck, Col. von, 201

Falk, Maj.-Gen. von, 165–66, 167, 172–73, 237, 250–55, 282

Falkenhayn, Erich von, 98, 138, 335; and eastern front, 337–45

Franco-Russian alliance, 26, 28, 49–50, 52–54, 71–72, 127–28

François, Hermann von: proposals for defense of East Prussia, 155–56 initial deployment of I Corps, 158–59, 161–62 at Stallupönen, 162–67 convinces Prittwitz to attack, 170–71 at Gumbinnen, 172–77 and proposed retreat, 191–92, 194, 156–202 concentration of I Corps against Samsonov, 229–31 conflict with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 233–38 and attack on Usdau, 250–55 advance on Neidenburg, 278; concern for southern flank, 310–13, 315, 317; after Tannenberg, 325, 330, 350

Frantz, Capt., 151

Franz, Josef, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 77, 84

Freiherr von Marschall, Col., 201

Giers, N. I., 20, 26–27

Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von der, 154

Goltz, Maj.-Gen. Freiherr von der, 207, 275–77, 284–85, 299–300

Great Britain: and German rivalry, 3, 28–29 naval negotiations with Russia, 92–94 in July Crisis, 89–90, 93–94

Grey, Sir Edward, 54, 55, 76, 86

Groener, Wilhelm, 88, 94–95, 201, 293–94

Grosse Ostaufmarsch, 65–66

Grünert, Col., 140, 192–94, 257

Guchkov, A. J., 324

Haeften, Hans von, 339

Hahn, Brig.-Gen. von, 181, 316–17

Hahndorff, Brig.-Gen., 185

Haldane, Richard, 55

Hartwig, Nicholas, 51

Hausmann, Conrad von, 344

Heeringen, Josias von, 70

Hehn, Viktor, 17

Heineccius, Maj.-Gen. von, 181, 244–45, 350

Hell, Emil, 191, 205–06, 222, 227–28, 232, 238

Hennig, Maj.-Gen., 186, 315–16

Hesse, Lt., 371–72

Hindenburg, Paul von: character and career, 201–02; commander 8th Army, 202; relationship to Ludendorff, 204–05, 241–42, 291–92; and concentration against Samsonov, 228, 233; reactions on August 27, 261–62; and advance on Allenstein, 286–88, 296–97; tactical conclusions, 309–10; and Tannenberg mythos, 329–31; as symbol, 334–35, 347–48; and eastern front, 338–41

Hintze, Paul von, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43

Hitler, Adolf, 333–34, 352–53

Hoffmann, Max, 140–41, 154, 192–94, 195, 196, 205, 206–07, 262–63, 276, 290, 292, 294–95, 300, 313, 330, 349

Holstein, Friedrich von, 22–24, 27–28, 35

Hoth, Hermann, 291

House, Edward, 82–83

Izvolsky, A. P., 37–42, 53

Jagow, Gottlieb von, 75, 82

Joffre, Joseph, 52–53

Kiderlin-Wächter, Alfred von, 48, 54, 55

Kluck, Alexander von, 139–40, 155, 178

Kluyev, Maj.-Gen., 258–59, 266–67, 277, 297–98, 299, 308–09

Knox, Alfred, 216, 231–32, 269

Körner, Lt., 311

Kokovtsov, V. N., 42, 48, 52, 73, 79, 83

Kruger, Johannes and Walter, 348

Kühl, Hermann von, 66

Kuhn, Andreas, 218, 220–21, 281

Lagarde, Paul de, 17

Liman von Sanders, 72–74

Ludendorff, Erich: early career, 199; at Liège, 199–200; 8th Army chief of staff, 200; relationship to Hindenburg, 204–05; and army staff, 206–07; and concentration against Samsonov, 228–33; reaction to François’s delays, 235–36; anxiety of, on August 26, 240–41; plans for August 27, 249–50; and Rennenkampf’s threat, 261–62, 264–66; orders I Corps to Lahna, 279–80; and advance on Allenstein, 286–88, 296–97, 300; gives battle its name, 292–93; and reinforcements, 293–96; plans operations against Rennenkampf, 302–03, 306–07, 318–19; reinforces François, 312–13; career after Tannenberg, 329–30, 334–44

Lyncker, Maj.-Gen. von, 201

Mackensen, August von: early career, 177–78; at Gumbinnen, 180–88, 194; at Bischofsburg, 240–48; concern for Rennenkampf’s advance, 247–48; advance on Allenstein, 264, 286–88, 290–91; and pursuit south, 306, 316; later career, 325, 342–43, 349

Martos, Lt.-Gen., 297–98, 307, 314

Mediterranean Agreements, 23

Messimy, Adolphe, 97

Mikhnevich, N. P., 128–29

Miliutin, D. I., 127

Moltke, Helmuth von (the elder), 20, 24–25

Moltke, Helmuth von (the younger), 43–45, 64, 65–67, 81–82, 94; views on war, 1911, 59–60; character, 88; in July crisis, 97–101; and eastern front, 144; and Conrad, 45–46, 157; and Prittwitz’s relief, 194–200; and decision to reinforce eastern theater, 293–96

Morgen, Curt von, 208, 227, 239–40, 274–75, 282–83, 303, 305

Macdonald, Hector, 178

Nakhitchevanski, Hussein Khan, 147

Nationalism: German, 16–18, 55–56, 60–61; Russian, 15, 22, 55–56, 71; Serbian, 56–57; Slavic, 36–37, 42, 51

Nesselrode, K. R., 14

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 13

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 28, 38, 52, 77–78, 90

Nicolai, Walter, 62

Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 35, 40

Pašic, Nikola, 84, 87

Poincaré, Raymond, 53–54

Posadowsky, Col., 264–65

Postovsky, Gen., 216, 266

Pourtalès, Friedrich von, 38, 42

Prittwitz und Gaffron, Max von, 139–40, 143–44, 153, 154, 156, 158, 201, 329; and François, 161, 165–67; plans for Gumbinnen, 168–77; concern for advance of Russian 2nd Army, 191; proposes to retreat, 192–96; relief of, 196–99