Дэвид Райх - Кто мы и как сюда попали [Древняя ДНК и новая наука о человеческом прошлом]

27 A. Kong et al. “Selection Against Variants in the Genome Associated with Educational Attainment”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 114 (2017): E727–732.

28 Kong et al. “Selection Against Variants”, estimate that the genetically predicted number of years of education has decreased by an estimated 0.1 standard deviations over the last century under the pressure of natural selection.

29 G. Davies et al. “Genome-Wide Association Study of Cognitive Functions and Educational Attainment in UK Biobank (N=112 151)”, Molecular Psychiatry 21 (2016): 758–767; M. T. Lo et al. “GenomeWide Analyses for Personality Traits Identify Six Genomic Loci and Show Correlations with Psychiatric Disorders”, Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 152–156.

30 S. Sniekers et al. “Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of 78,308 Individuals Identifies New Loci and Genes Influencing Human Intelligence”, Nature Genetics 49 (2017): 1107–1112.

31 I. Mathieson et al. “Genome-wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians”, Nature 528 (2015): 499–503; Field et al. “Detection of Human Adaptation”.

32 N. A. Rosenberg et al. “Genetic Structure of Human Populations”, Science 298 (2002): 2381–2385.

33 S. Ramachandran et al. “Support from the Relationship of Genetic and Geographic Distance in Human Populations for a Serial Founder Effect Originating in Africa”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102 (2005): 15942–15947; B. M. Henn, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman. “The Great Human Expansion”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 109 (2012): 17758–17764.

34 J. K. Pickrell, D. Reich. “Toward a New History and Geography of Human Genes Informed by Ancient DNA”, Trends in Genetics 30 (2014): 377–389.

35 M. Raghavan et al. “Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans”, Nature (2013): doi: 10.1038/nature 12736.

36 I. Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East”, Nature 536 (2016): 419–424.

37 N. Wade. A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History (New York: Penguin Press, 2014).

38 G. Coop et al. “A Troublesome Inheritance” (letters to the editor), New York Times, August 8, 2014.

39 G. Cochran, J. Hardy, H. Harpending. “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence”, Journal of Biosocial Science 38 (2006): 659–693.

40 P. F. Palamara, T. Lencz, A. Darvasi, I. Pe’er. “Length Distributions of Identity by Descent Reveal Fine-Scale Demographic History”, American Journal of Human Genetics 91 (2012): 809–822; M. Slatkin. “A Population-Genetic Test of Founder Effects and Implications for Ashkenazi Jewish Diseases”, American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (2004): 282–293.

41 H. Harpending. “The Biology of Families and the Future of Civilization” (minute 38), Preserving Western Civilization, 2009 Conference, audio available at www.preservingwesternciv.com/audio/07 % 20Prof._Henry_Harpending – The_Biology_of_Families_and_the_ Future_of_Civilization.mp3 (2009).

42 G. Clark. “Genetically Capitalist? The Malthusian Era, Institutions and the Formation of Modern Preferences” (2007), www. econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/Capitalism%20Genes.pdf; G. Clark. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).

43 Wade. A Troublesome Inheritance .

44 C. Hunt-Grubbe. “The Elementary DNA of Dr. Watson”, The Sunday Times, October 14, 2017.

45 Coop et al. letters. New York Times .

46 D. Epstein. The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance (New York: Current, 2013).

47 Там же.

48 Эти расчеты я проделал следующим образом. (1) 99,9999999-й процентиль распределения признака соотносится с 6 стандартными отклонениями от среднего, тогда как 99.99999-й процентиль ограничивается 5,2 стандартного отклонения. Значит, 0,8 стандартного отклонения в сто раз увеличивает число индивидов с данным признаком. (2) Я предположил, что 1,33-кратное увеличение генетической изменчивости в популяциях Черной Африки ассоциировано не только со случайными мутациями, но и с такими, которые формируют те или иные биологические признаки. Следовательно, увеличение стандартного отклонения будет равно √1,33=1,15 (здесь применяется формула из статьи: J. Berg, G. Coop. “A Population Genetic Signal of Polygenic Adaptation”, PLoS Genetics 10 (2014): e1004412). Таким образом, изменчивость, заключенная в пределах 6 стандартного отклонения у неафриканского населения, будет примерно такая же, как заключенная в рамки 5,2 (5,2=6/1,15) стандартного отклонения у африканцев Черной Африки, что и составит как раз то самое стократное увеличение в крайнем правом 0,00000001-м процентиле.

49 W. Haak et al. “Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe”, Nature 522 (2015): 207–211; M. E. Allentoft et al. “Population Genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia”, Nature 522 (2015): 167–172.

50 D. Reich et al. “Reconstructing Indian Population History”, Nature 461 (2009): 489–494; Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights”.

51 M. F. Robinson. The Lost White Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory That Changed a Continent (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

52 A. Haley. Roots: The Saga of an American Family (New York: Doubleday, 1976).

53 “Episode 4: (2010) Know Thyself ” (minute 17) in Faces of America with Henry Louis Gates Jr. , http://www.pbs.org/wnet/facesofameri- ca/video/episode-4-know – thyself/237/

54 African Ancestry. “Frequently Asked Questions”, “About the Results”, question 3 (2016), http://www.africanancestry.com/faq/

55 Dreyfuss. “Getting Closer to Our African Origins”.

56 S. Sailer. “African Ancestry Inc. Traces DNA Roots”, United Press International, April 28, 2003, www.upi.com/inc/view.php?StoryID= 20030428-074922-7714r

57 Неопубликованные данные лаборатории Дэвида Райха.

58 H. Schroeder et al. “Genome-Wide Ancestry of 17th-Century Enslaved Africans from the Caribbean”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 112 (2015): 3669–3673.

59 R. E. Green et al. “A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome”, Science 328 (2010): 710–722.

60 E. Durand, 23andMe: “White Paper 23–05: Neanderthal Ancestry Estimator” (2011), https://23andme.https.internapcdn.net/res/pdf/ hXitekfSJe1lcIy7 – Q72XA_23-05_Neanderthal_Ancestry.pdf; S. Sankararaman et al. “The Genomic Landscape of Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans”, Nature 507 (2014): 354–357.

61 Sankararaman et al. “Genomic Landscape”.

62 https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/212873707Neanderthal-Report-Basics, #13514.