Бет Новек - Wiki-правительство - Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее

53. Project on Law and Democratic Development, “International Working Group on Online Consultation and Public Policy Making” ( www.reconnectingdemocracy.org[October 2008]).

54. Juerg Haefliger, William F. Bruckert, and James S. Klecka, “Tuning core voltage of processors,” U. S. Patent 20070174746, July 26, 2007; см. также: peertopatent.org/patent/20070174746/activity (October 2008).

55. Broyles and Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alert format.”

56. Jack Harvey, “Results of Pilot: U. S. Patent and Trademark Office Perspective,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 ( www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Speaker_Papers/Spring_Meeting/200812/Harvey-jackslides.pdf[October 2008]).

57. Jack Harvey, “Pilot Concerning Public Submission of Peer Reviewed Prior Art,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 ( www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot/peer051408aipla.pdf[October 2008]).

58. “Method for configuring a wind farm network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20070255832/activity [October 2008]); “Recommending contacts in a social network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20080059576/activity [October 2008]).

59. Her Majesty’s Treasury, “Recommendation 23,” Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (November 2006): 85.

60. “Japan Patent Office Launches Community Patent Review,” July 28, 2008 (cairns.typepad.com/peertopatent/2008/07/japan-patent-of.html [October 2008]).

61. См.: Erica Naone, “Moving Freely between Virtual Worlds: Players Hope to Connect Their Separate Domains to Form a 3-D Internet,” MIT Technology Review, October 29, 2007, p. 2.

1. См.: Brian Robinson, “Group Advocates Data-Driven Policymaking,” Federal Computer Weekly, April 23, 2007 ( www.fcw.com/online/news/102541–1.html[October 2008]). См. также: Daniel Esty and Reece Rushing, “Governing by the Numbers: The Promise of Data-Driven Policymaking in the Information Age,” April 2007 ( www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/04/pdf/data_driven_policy_report.pdf[October 2008]).

2. Billy Beane, Newt Gingrich, and John Kerry, “How to Take American Health Care from Worst to First,” New York Times, October 24, 2008, p. A27.

3. Фиды округа Колумбия и конкурс Apps for Democracy, см.: data.octo.dc.gov (December 2008).

4. О работе Комиссии по безопасности потребительских товаров с опасными игрушками рассказано в 2008 г. на семинаре сетевого управления в Стэнфорде. Была поставлена задача найти более эффективные способы вовлечения граждан, и одна группа студентов предложила эту идею. Презентацию идеи выложили на YouTube ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpCN_ – rnFo[December 2008]).

5. Nate Ritter, “How Geeks Can Help in Disasters,” October 25, 2007 (blog.perfectspace.com/2007/10/25/how-geeks-can-help-in-disasters-san-diegofire-2007 [October 2008]).

6. Steve Lohr, “Google and IBM Join in Cloud Computing Research,” New York Times, October 8, 2007, p. 8.

7. Will Dick, “Virtual Alabama: Seeing the Sense in Sharing,” working paper, nGenera Insight (September 2008) ( www.ngenera.com/convs/show/9421-measuring-government-2–0[October 2008]).

8. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ( www.ffiec.gov/[October 2008]).

9. Tyson Evans, “Charles Blow, NYT Visual Journalist,” April 1, 2008 (update.snd.org/news/entry/charles-blow-nyt-visual-columnist [October 2008]).

10. Edward Tufte, Envisioning Information (Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 1990), p. 12.

11. Steve Lohr, “Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds,” New York Times, January 10, 2008, p. C1.

12. Debate Hub (debatehub.c-span.org [October 2008]).

13. J. C. R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, “The Computer as Communication Device,” Science and Technology 76 (1968): 22.

14. Cass Sunstein, “The Daily Me,” in Republic. Com (Princeton University Press, 2001).

15. Arnold Pacey, Meaning in Technology (MIT Press, 1999), pp. 39–57 (discussing Alfred Crosby’s description of the “shift to the visual” in history).

16. Классический текст: Tufte, Envisioning Information. См. также: Stuart Card, Jock MacKinlay, and Ben Shneiderman, eds., Readings in Information Visualization (Academic Press, 1990).

17. См.: www.many-eyes.com(October 2008).

18. “Swivel: Where Curious People Explore Data” ( www.swivel.com[October 2008]).

19. Tufte, Envisioning Information, p. 50.

20. См.: www.airnow.gov(October 2008).

21. См.: www.kitab.nl/tunisianprisonersmap(October 2008).

22. См.: www.freebase.com(October 2008).

23. См.: www.ashoka.org/changemakers(October 2008).

24. См.: www.delver.com(October 2008).

25. См.: www.naver.com(October 2008).

26. Erica Naone, “Mapping Professional Networks: IBM’s Atlas Tool Aims to Help Businesses Visualize Connections between Colleagues,” December 28, 2007 ( www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/19985/?nlid=777&a=f[October 2008]).

27. J. M. DiMicco and N. Yankelovich, “Constellation: Using Visualization to Find the Path to Experts,” poster presentation, ACM conference, Organizational Computing and Groupware Technologies (Group 2007), November 2007 ( www.joandimicco.com/pubs/dimicco-yankelovich-group07-poster-constellation.pdf).

28. Dawn Nunziato, “The Death of the Public Forum in Cyberspace,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005), p. 7.

29. David R. Johnson, “How Online Games May Change the Law and Legally Significant Institutions,” New York Law School Law Review 49 (2004): 51.

30. Micah L. Sifry, “Obama across America: Seeing the Big Picture” ( www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31556[October 2008]).

31. См.: youtube.com/videoyourvote (October 2008). Партнерский проект с ACLU’s Voting Rights Project, BlackBoxVoting.org, Center for American Politics and Citizenship, Center for Governmental Studies, Center for the Study of the American Electorate, Citizen Media Law Project, Common Cause, Flip Video Spotlight, electionline.org, Howcast.com, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Overseas Vote Foundation, People for the American Way, Pew Center for the States, Rock the Vote, Video the Vote, Voto Latino, Why Tuesday? and Election Protection.

32. Конгресс в 1994 г. принял Закон об открытом правлении, обязывающий правительство проводить заседания федеральных агентств при открытых дверях, т. е. быть открытым для общественности. Закон затрагивает деятельность 50 учреждений, в том числе большинства регулирующих комиссий, и предусматривает создание нормативной базы для обеспечения открытости. Но требование открытости заставляет сотрудников, которые не связаны этими нормами, проводить заседания при закрытых дверях. Government in the Sunshine Act, P. L. 94–409, 90 Stat. 1241 (1976), codified at 5 U. S. C. 552 (b).

33. OMB Watch, “21st Century Right to Know” ( www.ombwatch.org/article/archive/551[November 2008]).

34. Freedom of Information Act, P. L. 89–487, 80 Stat. 250 (1966), current version at 5 U. S. C. 552 (1996).

35. Paperwork Reduction Act, P. L. 104–13, 109 Stat. 163 (1995), codified at 44 U. S. C. 3501–3520.