J. Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings

This name means ‘Ship of Long — foam’; for the isle was shaped like a great ship, with a high prow pointing north, against which the white foam of Anduin broke on sharp rocks.

‘I gave Hope to the Dúnedain, I have kept no hope for myself.’

p. 335.

It flows into Isen from the west of Ered Nimrais.

The dates are given according to the reckoning of Gondor (Third Age). Those in the margin are of birth and death.

pp. 787, 797.

p. 1054.

For her shield — arm was broken by the mace of the Witch — king; but he was brought to nothing, and thus the words of Glorfindel long before to King Eärnur were fulfilled, that the Witch — king would not fall by the hand of man. For it is said in the songs of the Mark that in this deed éowyn had the aid of Théoden’s esquire, and that he also was not a Man but a Halfling out of a far country, though éomer gave him honour in the Mark and the name of Holdwine.[This Holdwine was none other than Meriadoc the Magnificent who was Master of Buckland.]

The Hobbit, p. 50.

p. 317.

Or released from prison; it may well be that it had already been awakened by the malice of Sauron.

The Hobbit, pp. 207–8.

The Hobbit, pp. 22.

Among whom were the children of Thráin II: Thorin (Oakenshield), Frerin, and Dís. Thorin was then a youngster in the reckoning of the Dwarves. It was afterwards learned that more of the Folk under the Mountain had escaped than was at first hoped; but most of these went to the Iron Hills.

Azog was the father of Bolg; see The Hobbit, p. 24.

It is said that Thorin’s shield was cloven and he cast it away and he hewed off with his axe a branch of an oak and held it in his left hand to ward off the strokes of his foes, or to wield as a club. In this way he got his name.

Such dealings with their dead seemed grievous to the Dwarves, for it was against their use; but to make such tombs as they were accustomed to build (since they will lay their dead only in stone not in earth) would have taken many years. To fire therefore they turned, rather than leave their kin to beast or bird or carrion — orc. But those who fell in Azanulbizar were honoured in memory, and to this day a Dwarf will say proudly of one of his sires: ‘he was a burned Dwarf, and that is enough.

They had very few women — folk. Dís Thrain’s daughter was there. She was the mother of Fíli and Kíli, who were born in the Ered Luin. Thorin had no wife.

p. 268.

March 15, 2941.

p. 243.

p. 597, The Hobbit, p. 151.

p. 971.

p. 317.

p. 670.

It afterwards became clear that Saruman had then begun to desire to possess the One Ring himself, and he hoped that it might reveal itself, seeking its master, if Sauron were let be for a time.

Months and days are given according to the Shire Calendar.

She became known as ‘ the Fair’ because of her beauty; many said that she looked more like an elf — maid than a hobbit. She had golden hair, which had been very rare in the Shire; but two others of Samwise’s daughters were also golden — haired, and so were many of the children born at this time.

p. 7; p. 1042, note 2.

Fourth Age (Gondor) 120.

365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds.

In the Shire, in which Year 1 corresponded with T.A. 1601. In Bree in which Year 1 corresponded with T.A. 1300 it was the first year of the century.

It will be noted if one glances at a Shire Calendar, that the only weekday on which no month began was Friday. It thus became a jesting idiom in the Shire to speak of ‘on Friday the first’ when referring to a day that did not exist, or to a day on which very unlikely events such as the flying of pigs or (in the Shire) the walking of trees might occur. In full the expression was ‘on Friday the first of Summerfilth’.

It was a jest in Bree to speak of ‘Winterfilth in the (muddy) Shire’, but according to the Shire — folk Wintring was a Bree alteration of the older name, which had originally referred to the filling or completion of the year before Winter, and descended from times before the full adoption of Kings’ Reckoning when their new year began after harvest.

Recording births, marriages, and deaths in the Took families, as well as matters, such as land — sales, and various Shire events.

I have therefore in Bilbo’s song (pp. 158–60) used Saturday and Sunday instead of Thursday and Friday.

Though actually theyestarë of New Reckoning occurred earlier than in the Calendar of Imladris, in which it corresponded more or less with Shire April 6.

Anniversary of its first blowing in the Shire in 3019.

Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar.

As in galadhremmin ennorath (p. 238) ‘tree — woven lands of Middle — earth’. Remmirath (p. 81) contains rem ‘mesh’, Q. rembe, + mîr ‘jewel’.

A fairly widespread pronunciation of long é and ó as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the renderings of Quenya names by Westron speakers, is shown by spellings such as ei, ou (or their equivalents in contemporary scripts). But such pronunciations were regarded as incorrect or rustic. They were naturally usual in the Shire. Those therefore who pronounce yéni únótime ‘long — years innumerable’, as is natural in English (sc. more or less as yainy oonoatimy) will err little more than Bilbo, Meriadoc, or Peregrin. Frodo is said to have shown great ‘skill with foreign sounds’.

So also in Annûn ‘sunset’, Amrûn ‘sunrise’, under the influence of the related dun ‘west’, and rhûn ‘east’.

Originally. But iu in Quenya was in the Third Age usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu in English yule.

The only relation in our alphabet that would have appeared intelligible to the Eldar is that between P and B; and their separation from one another, and from F, M, V, would have seemed to them absurd.

Many of them appear in the examples on the title — page, and in the inscription on p. 50, transcribed on p. 254. They were mainly used to express vowel — sounds, in Quenya usually regarded as modifications of the accompanying consonant; or to express more briefly some of the most frequent consonant combinations.