Viet Nguyen - Nothing Ever Dies - Vietnam and the Memory of War

4. Um, “Exiled Memory,” 832.

5. Ricoeur, Memory, History, Forgetting , 457.

6. Hayslip, When Heaven and Earth Changed Places , xiv.

7. Ibid., 365.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., xv.

10. Ibid., 365.

11. Storr, Dislocations , 28.

12. Ibid., xv.

13. Scarry, The Body in Pain , 131.

14. Utley, “12 Reasons Why America Doesn’t Win Its Wars.”

15. Some of the sources that inform this discussion on sympathy, empathy, and compassion are Berlant, “Introduction”; Edelman, No Future , 67–100; Garber, “Compassion”; Keen, Empathy and the Novel ; Song, Strange Future, 87–90; and Yui, “Perception Gaps between Asia and the United States of America,” 71.

16. Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others , 101.

17. Hirsch, “From ‘The Generation of Postmemory,’ ” 347. See also Hirsch, Family Frames .

18. Ollman, “Dinh Q. Le at Shoshana Wayne.”

19. Cotter, “Two Sides’ Viewpoints on the War in Vietnam.”

20. Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others , 70.

21. The analysis of Lê is adapted from my essay “Impossible to Forget, Difficult to Remember: Vietnam and the Art of Dinh Q. Lê.”

22. Morrison, Beloved , 44.

23. The commentary on cosmopolitanism is extensive. For a few sources, see Appiah, Cosmopolitanism ; Archibugi, “Cosmopolitical Democracy”; Brennan, At Home in the World and “Cosmopolitanism and Internationalism”; Cheah and Robbins, Cosmopolitics ; Clifford, Routes ; Derrida, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness ; Douzinas, Human Rights and Empire ; Gilroy, Against Race and Postcolonial Melancholia ; Hollinger, “Not Universalists, Not Pluralists”; Kant, To Perpetual Peace ; Kaplan, Questions of Travel ; Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism”; Srikanth, The World Next Door ; and Vertovec and Cohen, Conceiving Cosmopolitanism .

24. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism , 85.

25. Ibid., 144.

26. Gilroy, Postcolonial Melancholia , 59–60.

27. Scarry, “The Difficulty of Imagining Other People,” 105.

28. Ibid., 103.

29. Kingsolver, “A Pure, High Note of Anguish.”

30. King, “Beyond Vietnam,” 151.

31. For accounts of the book’s impact and popularity, see the essays by Fox, “Fire, Spirit, Love, Story”; Vo, “Memories That Bind”; and Vuong, “ The Diary of Dang Thuy Tram and the Postwar Vietnamese Mentality.”

32. Tram, Last Night I Dreamed of Peace , 27 and 111.

33. Ibid, 114. The quotations are drawn from the English edition of the diary, although I have cross-checked these translations with the original Vietnamese edition.

34. Ibid., 158.

35. Ibid., 83 and 47, respectively.

36. Ibid., 96.

37. Ibid., 83.

38. Ibid., 86.

39. Ibid., 104.

40. Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” 6.

41. Kingston, Fifth Book of Peace , 227.

42. The arguments about compassion, cosmopolitanism, and peace in this chapter have been adapted from my article “Remembering War, Dreaming Peace.”

43. Kingston, Fifth Book of Peace , 61.

JUST FORGETTING

1. Thiep, “Don’t Cry in California,” 602, italics in original, my translation from his story “Khong Khoc O California.”

2. Ibid., 599 and 600, italics in original.

3. Hanh, Fragrant Palm Leaves , Kindle edition, loc. 1837.

4. Vang, “Heirs of the ‘Secret War’ in Laos.”

5. For insightful accounts of the genre of the Hmong story cloth, see Conquergood, “Fabricating Culture,” and Chiu, “ ‘I Salute the Spirit of My Communities.’ ”

6. The Chas’ story cloth can be found in Cha, Dia’s Story Cloth .

7. This paragraph is adapted from my article on “Refugee Memories and Asian American Critique.”

8. Walcott, “The Schooner Flight,” Collected Poems , 330.

9. UN News Centre, “UN Warns of ‘Record High’ 60 Million Displaced amid Expanding Global Conflicts.”

10. Walcott, “The Schooner Flight,” Collected Poems , 334.

11. Davies, “Vietnam 40 Years On.”

12. Among many such articles, Pincus’ “In Iraq, Lessons of Vietnam Still Resonate” was published as I wrote the last few chapters of this book.

13. O’Reilly, “Q&A: Doris Lessing Talks to Sarah O’Reilly about The Golden Notebook ,” loc. 11316.

14. Derrida, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness , 31–32.

15. Ibid., 27.

16. Ibid., 31.

17. Ibid., 33–34.

18. Ibid., 39.

19. Hanh, The Miracle of Mindfulness , Kindle edition, loc. 741.

20. Griswold, Forgiveness , 29.

21. Ibid., 30.

22. Margalit, The Ethics of Memory , 193.

23. “Forgive,” Oxford English Dictionary.

24. Connerton in How Modernity Forgets discusses how forgetting is an integral part of capitalism and modernity, which the gift is supposed to counteract through compelling memory (53).

25. Ricoeur, Memory, History, Forgetting , 481.

26. Ehrhart, “The Invasion of Grenada.”

27. Hyde, The Gift , 258.

28. Short’s Pol Pot was a helpful source in studying the life of the Khmer Rouge leader.

29. Dunlop, The Lost Executioner , 22.

EPILOGUE

1. Marker, Sans Soleil .

2. Ibid.

3. Spiegelman, Metamaus , 60.

4. Parts of this epilogue are adapted from my article “War, Memory and the Future.”

Abelmann, Nancy, and John Lie. Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Acosta, Oscar Zeta. Revolt of the Cockroach People . New York: Vintage, 1989.

Aguilar-San Juan, Karin. Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.

Ahn, Junghyo. White Badge: A Novel of Korea . New York: Soho Press, 1989.

Anderson, David L., and John Ernst. The War that Never Ends: New Perspectives on the Vietnam War . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.

Apostol, Gina. The Gun Dealers’ Daughter . New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. Kindle edition.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers . New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.

Appy, Christian G. American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity . New York: Viking, 2015. Kindle edition.

______. Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides . New York: Viking, 2003.

Aptheker, Herbert. Dr. Martin Luther King, Vietnam, and Civil Rights . New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1967.

Archibugi, Daniele. “Cosmopolitical Democracy.” In Debating Cosmopolitics , edited by Daniele Archibugi, 1–15. New York: Verso, 2003.

Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil . New York: Viking, 1963.

Armstrong, Charles K. “America’s Korea, Korea’s Vietnam.” Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 4 (2001): 527–39.

Ashabranner, Brent. Always to Remember: The Story of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1988.

Ashplant, T. G., Graham Dawson, and Michael Roper. “The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration: Contexts, Structures and Dynamics.” In The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration , edited by T. G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson, and Michael Roper, 3–85. London: Routledge, 2000.

Assman, Jan. “From Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism .” In The Collective Memory Reader , edited by Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy, 209–15. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.