Finance in Africa

FINANCE IN AFRICA

for green, smart and inclusive

private sector developmen

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the EIB.

About the European Investment Bank

The European Investment Bank is the EU bank and the world’s biggest multilateral lender. We finance sustainable investment in small and medium-sized enterprises, innovation, infrastructure, and climate and environment. For six decades, we have financed Europe’s economic growth from start-ups like Skype to massive projects like the Øresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark. We are committed to supporting €1 trillion in investment in climate and environmental sustainability to combat climate change by the end of this decade. About 10% of all our investment is outside the European Union, supporting Europe’s neighbours and global development.

Executive summary

1. Banking in Africa: supporting a sustainable and inclusive recovery

2. Microfinance and COVID-19

3. Private equity and venture capital

4. Digital financial services

5. Greening Africa’s financial sector during crisis recovery

6. Partnering with African financial sectors to support businesses during the COVID-19 crisis

Addendum: data updates and recent developments

The EIB wishes to thank, first and foremost, the staff and management of the African banks who generously gave their time to complete the EIB Banking in Africa survey, 2021.

In addition to the main authors, the EIB thanks all the colleagues from the EIB, Making Finance Work for Africa Partnership (MFW4A), the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), Symbiotics, MicroFinanza Rating, the Global Private Capital Association (GPCA), the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) and the Organisation for Co-operation and Development (OECD) whose contributions supported and enriched this report. In particular we would like to mention:

Roberto Arnò, Abdelkader Benbrahim (MFW4A), Sanja Blatt, Inga Bleiere, Enrico Canu, Marius Chirila, Mariella Ciuffreda, Carmelo Cocuzza, David Crush (CGAP), Pedro de Lima, Miriam Djari, Matthieu Ducorroy, Olivier Edelman, Matteo Ferrazzi, Yolanda Embid-Segura, Marion Hoenicke, Fotios Kalantzis, Sabrina Katz (GPCA), Sabine Kayser, Eleni Kyrou, Christophe Litt, Samuel Miquel, Sonja Mohnen, Faith Njoroge, Nicholas Nzioka, Emma-Jayne Paul, Andreea Popescu, Jean-Luc Revéreault, Carmen Sainz, Anne Schmidt-Sheehan, Anne-Gaelle Schoeneberger, Markus Schulte, Dragan Soljan, Michael Steidl, Jean-Philippe Stijns, Kiril Stoychev, Annamaria Tueske, Christoph Weiss, Elina Väänänen, Deborah Vouche, Christoph Weiss, Dirk Willem te Velde (ODI) and Peter Zajc.

Europe and Africa are facing unprecedented challenges, which must be tackled together. The COVID-19 and climate crises demonstrate that “no one is safe until everyone is safe”. It is in the interests of Europe to complement the recovery schemes being implemented at home with ambitious support for our African partners, who are among our closest neighbours. By working side by side to tackle development challenges, we can provide impetus for a strong, sustainable and inclusive recovery that will benefit us all.

As part of Team Europe, the European Investment Bank (EIB) stepped up its efforts to help African partners respond to the COVID-19 health and economic crisis. It provided €5 billion for new private and public investment across Africa in 2020 — a record annual commitment for the Bank — helping to deal with the immediate health emergency and mitigate the pandemic, and to address the economic effects of the crisis. This finance will back more than €12 billion of investments in 28 African countries, with 71% of the funding benefiting fragile or conflict-affected situations and the least developed economies. The projects supported are expected to contribute towards 210 million people getting vaccinated against COVID-19, 595 400 households being supplied with newly generated energy, 778 000 people enjoying an improved water supply, and farmers benefiting from 26 500 hectares of newly irrigated land and 3 076 hectares of newly planted forest. In addition, in July 2021, the EIB committed to support Africa’s first COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing plant in Senegal. This plant is set to produce as many as 25 million doses of an approved COVID-19 vaccine a month by the end of 2022. Together with our support for the COVAX facility, this is a key milestone in the EIB’s global efforts to address the health and economic challenges of COVID-19 and build a better future — yet a drop in the ocean in light of the size of the challenge. The European Union urgently needs to step up its efforts further.

The EIB will continue to support African partners to “build back better,” including by addressing the impacts of climate change. Here too, however, the financing gap is huge. A sustainable and inclusive recovery from COVID-19 will require an additional $1 trillion annually, on top of the $2.5 trillion annual gap in finance for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that existed before the crisis[ 1]. The impacts of the climate crisis only add to the needs. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated that sub-Saharan Africa alone will need $30-$50 billion in additional finance annually to adapt to the impacts of climate change[ 2].

Africa’s recovery will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs, but previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the COVID-19 crisis. Data from enterprise surveys carried out in nine African countries during the pandemic period are consistent with a severe economic impact [ 3] . Around 88% of firms in the countries surveyed were experiencing decreased liquidity, and over 55% of them had temporarily closed at some point. Around 8% had filed for bankruptcy and 26% were overdue on financial obligations.

This publication examines opportunities for Africa’s financial sector to support the recovery. Continued access to finance has helped firms to stay afloat during the crisis period and there is an opportunity for Africa’s financial sectors to make an even bigger contribution to sustainable development in future. For example, African financiers are beginning to grasp opportunities in green finance, and banks are increasingly aware of the need to address the risks posed by climate change. Furthermore, digitalisation of the financial sectors has accelerated during the pandemic. Digital financial services offer a huge opportunity to expand access to finance to underserved firms and financial inclusion to groups that were previously excluded from formal finance, helping to improve livelihoods and tackle poverty.

The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis could persist and make it more difficult for the financial sector to support a smart, green and inclusive economy. The support of policymakers has helped maintain financial sector stability and soundness during the crisis. Nonetheless, many banks have been left with significant non-performing loans on their books, which may make them cautious about restarting lending. This would widen the large funding gap that African firms face[ 4], with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), startups and innovative firms particularly affected.

On September 15, the EIB’s Board endorsed a proposal to create a branch of the EIB focused on development finance.This reorganization will allow us to refocus our contribution to support the goals of the European Union and our partners outside the EU with even greater impact and efficiency. The EU Bank will be able to strengthen its development engagement, by placing more experts on the ground, and be a more effective partner for other multilateral and national development banks. And, we will be in a better position to pursue our global ambition in terms of the fight against climate change.