Алексей Фитин - Unified theory of human and animals aging. Bioenergy concept aging as a disease

An obvious additional mechanism for accelerating the pathogenesis of aging at this stage is the wasted oxygen consumption for the excessive and generally not required by the periphery of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in the absence of a reverse inhibitory afferent connection with the periphery (autocatalytic process). This is one example of the aggravation of hypoxia at one of the stages of the pathogenesis of aging. The second mechanism for the aggravation of hypoxia, initiated by impaired afferent connections, is due to the cessation of the supply of inhibitory signals to the brain stem structures through the neural networks of the second afferent system.

Normally, the second afferent system transmits signals to the structures of the brain stem and, in particular, to the hypothalamus, inhibiting the activity of some of its nuclei. The cessation of this inhibitory activity due to the death of afferent endings, as a result, leads to a gradual release of inhibition and to the activation with age of some nuclei of the hypothalamus. A decrease with age in the intensity of inhibitory signals entering the hypothalamus through this system leads to activation of the endocrine system, designed to replace the regulatory function of the degenerated ANS.

Replacement of the nervous regulation of the periphery with the endocrine one is also realized in additional non-productive oxygen consumption, that is, in an increase in hypoxia. Degeneration of the afferent nerve processes of the sympathetic division of the ANS through the second afferent system activates the production of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the synthesis and export of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, followed by an increase in the synthesis and export of cortisol by the adrenal glands.

The mechanism of an increase in oxygen deficiency when switching metabolic regulation systems is due to the differences in the regulatory systems of metabolism – the autonomic nervous system (No. 1) and the endocrine system (No. 2). The autonomic nervous system activates metabolism quickly (promptly) and targeted, in those local volumes of organs and tissues, in which there is a need for additional amounts of oxygen and nutrients. Signals about this enter the central control structures of the ANS, located in the brain stem along the afferent nerve connections.

As soon as there is a saturation with oxygen and nutrients of the considered local volume of an organ or tissue, negative feedback turns off the intensive supply of resources. Thus, targeted activation of metabolism for a short period of time means economical consumption of both oxygen and nutrients. A completely different situation with the consumption of oxygen and nutrients is realized in the case of the control of these processes by the endocrine system. At the request from the periphery (through the bloodstream, with a long delay) for an additional supply of oxygen and nutrients, there is a slow increase in the level of hormones in the blood.

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Free energy or Gibbs-Helmholtz energy – part of the internal energy of molecules that can be converted into work during reactions.