Фридрих Хайек: Пагубная самонадеянность

То, что часто изображается биологами (например, Carr-Saunders, 1922; Wynne-Edwards, 1962; Thorpe, 1976) как в первую очередь механизм, ограничивающий рост населения, с таким же успехом можно представить как механизм увеличения или, скорее, приведения его численности к долговременному равновесию с ресурсами территории -- механизм, который приводится в действие кат при появлении возможностей, благоприятных для поддержания жизни большего числа людей, так и при всевозможных затруднениях, обусловленных временным избытком населения. Природа достаточно изобретательна и в том, и в другом, а человеческий мозг, видимо, стал самой эффективной структурой, позволившей одному виду сделаться могущественнее и распространеннее всех других. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Приложение G. Суеверия и сохранение традиций Книга была уже подготовлена к печати, когда д-р Д. А. Рис, давая дружеский отзыв о прочитанной мною лекции, привлек мое внимание к замечательному небольшому исследованию сэра Джеймса Фрэзера (1909) -- "Задача для души" -- с подзаголовком, который я вынес в название настоящего раздела. В нем, пояснял Фрэзер, он попытался "отделить зерна от плевел". Там рассматриваются вопросы, ставшие основным предметом моего исследования, причем рассматриваются примерно с тех же позиций. Однако, будучи выдающимся антропологом, Фрэзер в своем исследовании приводит такое количество эмпирического материала (особенно касающегося ранних ступеней развития собственности и семьи), что, имей я такую возможность, я бы привел здесь все 84 страницы его работы в качестве наглядного приложения к своей книге. Из заключений Фрэзера, имеющих прямое отношение к предмету моей книги, следует выделить объяснение того, как суеверия, укрепляя уважение к браку, способствовали более строгому соблюдению правил половой морали -- и среди состоящих в браке, и среди холостых. В главе о частной собственности (17) Фрэзер подчеркивает, что "вследствие наложения на вещь табу, она наделялась сверхъестественной или магической силой, что практически делало ее не доступной ни для кого, кроме владельца. Таким образом, табу становилось мощным средством, закрепляющим отношения -- наши друзья-социалисты, возможно, скажут: заковывающим в цепи частной собственности". И далее (19) он приводит сообщение более раннего автора о том, что в Новой Зеландии "форма tapu служила надежным стражем собственности", и еще раньше (20) -- о Маркизских островах, где "первейшей миссией табу, несомненно, было утверждение собственности как основы всего общества". Есть у Фрэзера и вывод (82), что "суеверие оказало человечеству огромную услугу. Многим оно послужило основанием, пусть и ложным, для правильных действий; и, конечно же, для мира лучше, когда вредные мотивы приводят людей к правильным поступкам, чем когда из лучших побуждений совершаются вредные дела. Для общества важно не то, как думают, а то, как себя ведут; и коль скоро наши поступки добры и справедливы, для ближнего не имеет ни малейшего значения: ошибочны наши взгляды или нет". ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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