Marilyn Chase: The Barbary Plague

4.­ David T. Dennis, Kenneth L. Gage, et al., Plague Manual: Epidemiology , Distribution, Surveillance and Control (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999), p. 15. Global case and death reports from 1954 to 1997, and countries with annual plague cases are from the WHO Web site, at www.­who.­org.

5.­ Kenneth L. Gage, David T. Dennis, et al., “Cases of Cat-Associated Plague in the Western U.S., 1977–1998,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (June 2000): 893–900.

6.­ Matt Mygatt, “Woman Contracts Plague After Finding ‘Wobbly Mice,’ ” Associated Press Newswires, January 26, 2000.

7.­ Kenneth Gage, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colo., interview with the author, August 24, 2000, by telephone.

8.­ Interview with bioweapons expert William C. Patrick, former chief of product division, U.S. Army, Fort Detrick, MD, on August 29, 2002.

9.­ Charles T. Gregg, Plague: An Ancient Disease in the Twentieth Century (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), pp. 211–213. See also R. W. Burmeister et al., “Laboratory-Acquired Pneumonic Plague,” Annals of Internal Medicine 56, no. 5 (May 1962): 789–800. See also personal communication, Phil Luton, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, U.K. Department of Health. Note that the American death occurred while the United States was still actively studying biological weapons, but the British death occurred after the United Kingdom had abandoned its offensive chemical and biological weapons program.

10.­ Ken Alibek, Biohazard (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 20, 166.

11.­ J. Parkhill et al., “Genome Sequence of Yersinia pestis , the Causative Agent of Plague,” Nature 413 (October 4, 2001); see also Marilyn Chase, “Researchers in Britain Have Determined the Genetic Sequence of Bubonic Plague,” Wall Street Journal , October 4, 2001.

12.­ Rupert Blue, “The Underlying Principles of Anti-Plague Measures,” originally published in California State Journal of Medicine , 1908, reprinted in Frank Morton Todd, Eradicating Plague from San Francisco: A Report of the Citizens’ Health Committee and an Account of Its Work (San Francisco: C. A. Murdock & Co., 1909), p. 215.

13.­ Bess Furman, A Profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798–1948 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1973), p. 286.

14.­ Rupert Blue, Letter to Miss Alda Will, August 9, 1912, NARA, Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 647, Folder 5608: 1908–12, File 1 of 3.

Letters of Rupert Lee Blue. Collection of J. Michael Hughes, Jacksonville, Fl., great-nephew of Dr. Blue. Quoted by gracious permission of Mr. Hughes.

Blue family letters and memorabilia. Collection of Eleanor Stuart Blue, Washington, D.C., great-niece of Dr. Blue. Quoted by gracious permission of Ms. Blue.

Private papers of W. Colby Rucker. Collection of Colby Buxton Rucker, Arnold, Md., grandson of Dr. Rucker. Quoted by gracious permission of Mr. Rucker.

National Archives and Records Administration. Public health documents in Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, the NARA II in College Park, Md., and at NARA in San Bruno, Calif.

National Library of Medicine. History of Medicine Division, Bethesda, Md. The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

The Blue Family Collection, including letters of John Gilchrist Blue, Victor Blue, and photographs. The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

John Hendricks Kinyoun Papers. Genealogy Series, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

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